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CORNELL UNIVERSITY
THE
Hlower Peterinary Library
FOUNDED BY
ROSWELL P. FLOWER
for the use of the
N. Y. STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE
1897
The manag
Cornell Univ
Tcatand diseases of the dog,
Cornell University
Library
The original of this book is in
the Cornell University Library.
There are no known copyright restrictions in
the United States on the use of the text.
http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924000940654
ENGLISH MASTIFF.
“SCA WFELL.”
THE
MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES
or
THE DOG.
BY
JOHN WOODROFFE HILL,
FELLOW OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SURGEONS,
AUTHOR OF ESSAYS ON “ PARTURIENT APOPLEXY IN THE COW, “HAMO
ALBUMINURIA IN CATTLE,” “THE ACTUAL CAUTERY,” “SOME OF
THE DISEASES OF FARM STOCK,” “DISEASED MEAT AS
AN ARTICLE OF FOOD,” “CANINE DISTEMPER,”
ETC., ETC,
With Thirty-nine Fllustrations.
WILLIAM R. JENKINS,
- VETERINARY PUBLISHER AND BOOKSELLER,
850 SIXTH AVENUE, NEW YORK.
1881,
To
My ESTEEMED FRIEND AND PATRON,
C. BOYCOTT WIGHT, Esq,
OF
RuvpGE Hatt, SHROPSHIRE,
AN ARDENT ADMIRER OF DOGS, AND ONE WHO TAKES A DEEf
INTEREST IN THE ADVANCEMENT OF VETERINARY SCIENCE,
THIS WORK
Is RESrECTFULLY DEDICATED.
PREFACE.
OF all the domesticated animals subservient to man,
the dog may, without fear of contradiction, be said to
stand pre-eminent. His courage, fidelity, usefulness,
and companionship attach him to the human race in
bonds of lasting endurance.
The field upon which I have entered—“ The Man
agement and Diseases of the Dog”’—is a large one, and
in comparison with other veterinary subjects, it must be
confessed, to the discredit of our Profession, has been
inexcusably neglected.
Man’s best animal friend, until Blaine, Youatt, May-
hew, “Stonehenge,” and one or two others interested
themselves in his welfare, was left to the mercy of
individuals who professed a knowledge of subjects of
which they were, on all scientific points, totally ig-
norant.
If in the course of this work’ my feeble efforts to
enlighten the public, and alleviate the sufferings of the
viii. PREFACE.
canine race are attended with success, I shall feel more
than amply rewarded for the labor I have bestowed on
the various subjects: herein treated of.
I have to acknowledge my obligations to my friend,
Mr. George Fleming, 2d Life Guards, for many valu-
able suggestions offered to me while the work was
passing through the press.
J. W. H.
WOLVERHAMPTON,
March 20, 1878.
ILLUSTRATIONS.
FRONTISPIECE—ENGLISH MASTIFF.
fic. j PAGE
1. KENNEL PLAN. (KINGDON) . : . . 10
: ‘ STRONGYLUS CANIS BRONCHIALIS. (“ VETERINARIAN”) 29
4
5.
S FRONT TEETH OF THE DOG IN VARIOUS STAGES OF
GROWTH AND Decay. (YOUATT) . 3 45-46
5 |
to.
ut. Cystic CALCULUS. (“ VETERINARIAN”) . is - 121
12, HILL’s OBSTETRICAL FORCEPS. a . . + 149
13. WEBER’S ss is (FLEMING) . ‘ - 149.
14. DEFAYS’ FORCEPS. (FLEMING) . = ‘ . - 150
15. DEFAYS’ WIRE pete WITH THE TORSION Rops.
(FLEMING) . 7 . : . + 50
16. Derays’ WIRE EXTRACTOR APPLIED. (F LEMING) . 152
17, BREULET’S TUBE AND NOOSE. (FLEMING) . - 152
18. BREULET’S NOOSE FIXED ON THE F@TUuUS. (FLEMING) 153
1g. CROTCHET. (MAYHFW) . : 5 : j - 153
20. EXTEMPORIZED HOOK. (ORIGINAL) . . «+ 156
21. DoG WITH CANKER Cap. (ORIGINAL) . . - 188
22. SARCOPTES CANIS. (GERLACH) .. . 7 - 196
ILLUSTRATIONS,
ACARUS FOLLICULORUM. (FLEMING) . ae ga - 196
THE LIVER FLUKE OF THE DoG. (LEWIS) . ‘ . 213
. THE GIANT STRONGLE. (BLANCHARD) . 3 - 218
LARV# OF THE GID TAPEWoRM. (NEWMAN) . . 221
TAPEWORM-LIKE HEADS OF THE GID HyDATID. . (NEW-
MR oe ee Re Se aie. aes ig, apt
LARVA OF THE MARGINED TAPEWORM. (GOEZE) . 223
HYDATID TAPEWORM AND EcHINococcus HEAD. (COoB-
BOLD) . . % tod? Be 3 . + 224
Group oF Ecuinococcus HEADS. (COBBOLD) . » 225
LARVAL PENTASTOME. (KUCHENMEISTER) . : . 226
A Doc with RICKETS, SKETCHED FROM LIFE.
(ORIGINAL) . : . i a a og? = + 320
HEART OF DOG AFFECTED WITH RHEUMATIC CHOREA,
SHOWING ANTE-MORTEM CLOT. (ORIGINAL) . . 339
. INCOMPLETE FRACTURE. (ORIGINAL) . ‘ Z - 342
FRACTURE OF THE SCAPULA. (ORIGINAL) . : - 344
DitTTo, WITH BANDAGE APPLIED. (ORIGINAL) . - 346
DEFORMED LIMB AFTER UNION OF FRACTURE, NECES-
SITATING RE~FRACTURE. (ORIGINAL) . 3 . 346
DISLOCATION OF THE SHOULDER-JOINT. {ORIGINAL) 352
THROAT Forcers. (ARNOLD) . F 8 36F
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I,
GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
PAGE.
Fond.—Exercise.—Washing.—Grooming.— — Kennel ire aia sv—Adminis-
tration of Medicine.—Nursing . - . Pa aes See |
CHAPTER 1 Tl.
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY 0 3GANS.
Catarrh.— Influenza.— Laryngitis. — Bronchitis. ena — Plpariey. —Pneu-
muonia.—Consumption.—Polypus.—Ozena. ‘ - 3
CHAPTER II.
DISEASES OF THE MOUTH AND TONGUE. :
Dentition.—Decayed Teeth.—Tartar.—Canker. iatniaioss — Ulcers. cao! —
Paralysis. —Pharyngitis.—-Salivation. P . - 44
CHAPTER IV.
DISEASES OF THE STOMACH.
Indigestion. —Vomiting.—Worms.— Husk.—Gastritis. ie lntelens —Calculi.—
+ Foreign Bodies . i < ite, . 58
CHAPTER v.
DISEASES OF THE BOWELS,
Constipation.— Diarrhcea.—Dysentery.—Intussusception.—Hernia.—Worms,—
Colic.—Enteritis.—Peritonitis.—Piles.—Prolapsus Ani.—Fistula in ano . 68
CHAPTER VI.
DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND SPLEEN,
Hepatitis—Jaundice.-—Fatty Degeneration of the Liver. pe eamccean ae
in the Liver and Spleen. —Biliary Calculi—-Splenitis 2 86
; CHAPTER VII.
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS,
Nephritis. —Hematuria.—Renal Calculi.—Cystitis—Cystic Calculi.i—Reten-
tion of Urine.—Paralysis of the Bladder.—Rupture of the Bladder... 106
CHAPTER VIII.
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.
Salanitis.— Warts on the Penis.—Scrotal Irritation Enlarged Testicle —In-
version of the Vagina. —Polypus in the Vagina.—Inflammation of the
Uteius.—Inversion of the Uterus.—Ulceration of the Uterus.—Hernia of
Uterus. —Dropsy of the Uterus.—Fatty Degeneration of the Ovaries . 126
. CHAPTER IX,
FUNCTIONS OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.
(Estrum. —Breeding.—Partnrition . : ‘ ‘ 2 i +193
xu CONTENTS. .
CHAPTER X.
DISEASES IMMEDIATELY CONNECTED WITH PARTURITION.
PAGB.
Parturient Apoplexy or Milk Fever.—Parturient Eclampsia—Septikemia
Puerperalis. ‘ . x ‘ . 2 ‘ * * . . » 162
CHAPTER XI.
DISEASES OF THE MAMMARY GLAND.
Mamniitis—Lacteal Tumor—Cancer, . - 2 + et
CHAPTER XII.
DISEASES OF THE EYE.
Ophthalmia.—Cataract.—-Amaurosis.—Iritis —Enlargement of the Haw.- -Pro-
trusion of the Eye-Ball.—Extirpation of the Eye.—Hairy Tumor on the
Cornea. . s - * x “ i . F “ ® é + 396
CHAPTER XIII.
DISEASES OF THE HAR,
Cancer.—Serous Abscess.—Polypus.—Deafness.—Scurfy Ears. . : . 185
CHAPTER XIV.
; DISEASES OF THE SKIN.—EXTERNAL PARASITES.
Mange (Sarcoptic).—Ditto (Follicular).—Eczema.—Erythema.—Ringworm.
—Ditto (Honeycomb).— Warts.—F leas.— Lice.—Ticks 4 z
CHAPTER XV.
INTERNAL PARASITES.
Distuma conjunctum.— Holostoma alatum.—Ascaris marginata—Filaria im-
mitis.— Estrongylus gigas.—Spiroptera sanguinolenta.—Dochmius trig-
onocephalus—.Trichosoma plica.—Tricocephalus depressiusculus,—Tri-
china spiralis.—Filaria hematica.—Filaria trispinulosa.—Filaria hepatica,
— Hematozoon subulatum.— Tenia Cucumerina.— Tenia ccenurus.—
Tania marginata.—Tenia echinococcus.—T nia serrata,—Bothriocepha-
lus latus, B. cordatus, B. fuscus, B. reticulatus, B. dubius.—Pentastoma
temoides.—Maw Worms, or Segments of Tznia marginata, and Tenia
serrata.—Cysticercus cellulosus. . a Moadrase UbA<e . . r + 213.
CHAPTER XVI.
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Rabies. — Epilepsy.—A poplexy.—Vertigo.—Chorea.—Paralysis.—Concussion
of the Brain,—Compression of the Brain,—Hydrocephalus.—Turnside,—
Meningitis.—-Neuralgia . 7 ‘ . . : . + 233 :
’ CHAPTER XVIL
GENERAL DISEASES,
Abscess. — Tumors, — Bronchocele.— J” iphtheria. — Distemper.— Dropsy.—
Leukemia.— Anzmia.—Marasmus.— Plethora.—Obesity,— Rheumatism,
—Rickets.— Scrofula. — Glanders.— Small-pox.— Measles, — Tetanus.—
Cramp.—Heart Diseases z < <8 Sys
CHAPTER XVIII.
ACCIDENTS AND OPERATIONS,
Fractures.— Dislocations, —Wounds,—Sprains.— Burns.—Scalds.— Umbilical
Hernia.—Cnoxing.— Sore Feet.—Overgrowth of Claws.—Removal of Dew-
claws.—Cropping.—Rounding.— Tailing.—Wormin.—Castration.—Spay-
~_ing.—Vaccination.—Chloroform 447
THE MANAGEMENT
AND
DISEASES OF THE DOG.
CHAPTER I.
GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
FOOD, KENNEL ARRANGEMENT,
EXERCISE, ADMINISTRATION OF MEDI-
WASHING, ~ CINE, ~*
GROOMING, NURSING.
FOOD.
How much evil accrues from the want of a proper system
and, in many cases, knowledge of administering food and of
the kind requisite, it is impossible to say. That many of the
diseases to which the canine species are subject, and espe-
cially of the digestive organs, are due to ignorance and neglect
of this subject, is no exaggeration.
The organism of the dog is peculiar: his digestive powers
are undoubtedly great, but the process by which digestion is
accomplished is slow. Hence, he does not require more than
one, or, if in full exercise and work, two substantial meals
per day. The food should be plain, wholesome, nutritious,
and, as far as possible, compatible with the circumstances
under which the animal exists.
Sugar, buttered bread, hot toast, muffin, preserves, fancy
biscuits, tea, sweetmeats, and such like, are items never in-
tended to enter a canine bill of fare. And yet how often is
2 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
the reply given, when the attendant alleges his patient is
suffering from indigestion: “ But he has had nothing to dis-
agree with him ; the poor little dear eats most sparingly ; a
morsel of buttered toast or muffin, some tea and a lump of
sugar, has been doggie’s only diet for months.” True, and
therein lies the key to the mystery. The animal, contrary to
Nature’s laws, has been educated to mimic human beings :
three or four meals a day, exclusive of kitchen-scraps, have
taken the place of the prescribed one or two, and human deli-
cacies substituted for the proper requirements of a carnivor-
ous stomach.
Can it be wondered at, if the whole digestive machinery
is in consequence put out of gear: if the once glossy-coated
. pet of cleanly habits becomes the bloated, waddling, unsightly
animal, so often seen, with teeth loose, discolored, and de-
cayed, breath foul, and excrements feetid? And all the result
of what? Ignorance and mistaken kindness. Ask the human
mother the effect on the child of a continued diet-of pre-
serves, pastry, and sweet cakes, and she will tell you it is
much the same.
Is it then, reasonable to suppose that the stomach of the
dog can properly digest and appropriate to the nourishment
of its body and the maintenance of health, that which man-
kind, for whom such is more in accordance, cannot take with
impunity ?
A proper system of feeding is, therefore, one of the great
essentials of canine management.
Time of Feeding —The food should always be given, if
convenient, at a stated time : where only one meal is allowed,
at midday ; in the case of two, morning and evening. It:
should not be given immediately before exercise or work, or |
the process of digestion will be interrupted, and the founda-
tion laid for ill health; but as soon as the animal comes
home, has had sufficient time to rest, and become cool, then |
food may be proffered, and will be relished considerably
more. I am now alluding to dogs in health; invalids of
4
i
a
a
GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 3
course require a different system, and, under many conditions,
require frequent support.
Quantity.—This should be exactly in proportion to the
appetite, Z¢., until the animal is satisfied. Some individuals
condemn the practice of permitting dogs to fill, or, as they
put it, overgorge themselves. And where the dogs have been
previously starved or have missed a meal or two, they are
right, but otherwise not so. The cravings of the carnivorous
stomach are not of the frequency found in herbivorous and
omnivorous ones, owing to the slow process of digestion ; and
this being so, a larger stock of material is required to work
on than when the intervals between the meals are shorter ;
otherwise long fasts would result, and eventually act preju-
dicially to the animal’s health.
When the dog, after eating for some time, pauses, looks
about, leaves the dish, returns to it and makes an attempt, as
it were, to get a little more down, Zen it should. be removed.
Company will frequently induce the animal, from motives of
jealousy, to take more than he really wants, and he will
greedily devour, on the approach of another creature, that
which a few moments before was rejected. This, of course,
is hurtful ; it may be likened unto the surplus oil on machin-
ery, which cannot be utilized, and is therefore wasted, and
does injury to other parts: so with the dog, the surplus food
.may pass into the intestinal canal undigested, and produce
diarrhoea or constipation.
Kind of Food.—Many and various are the opinions on
this point: horse-flesh, mutton, paunch, entrails, liver,
greaves, and oatmeal are among the list of those advo-
cated.
Flesh is undoubtedly the dog’s natural food, but, on the
other hand, we must look to the circumstances under which
he is placed. For instance, toy-dogs or house-pets not used
for sport do not require flesh-meat beyond an occasional bone
“and meat-gravy ; bread or plain biscuit with milk, oatmeal
porridge, plain rice-pudding, or potatoes and gravy, with
“
4 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES .OF THE DOG.
green vegetables once or twice a week, form the most suita-
ble diet for this class of dog.
For those used in sport or kept on the chain, especially
the former, flesh-meat used with discretion is suitable.
Paunches or mutton are best adapted ; the former should al-
ways be thoroughly washed, otherwise worms or their larva,
which are frequently present, are likely to be swallowed, and
develop in the dog into large tape-worms (see chapter on
“Internal Parasites”) ; horse-flesh is heating, causes the
animal to smell strong, and is a great producer of worms.
Liver cooked is like so much leather—indigestible and innu-
tritious ; and, from its liability to flukes, which in the dog
develop into the taeniz proper, is .also objectionable raw,
Greaves I-have observed frequently give rise to diarrlicea,
probably from the amount of tallow often retained, and other
foreign matters—as maggot-skins and mineral substances.
Sheep-heads, trotters, and ox-noses form a highly nutri-
tious and valuable food, especially for invalid dogs’; boiled
down, they form a glutinous jelly, of which dogs are particu-.
larly fond. Whichever kind of flesh-meat is used, meal should
form the basis, and none is better than the coarse Scotch oat-
meal.
Bones are of great Value to the Dog.—The dog has a nat-
ural fondness for bones, independently of which they are of
great value to him. One should always be allowed at least |
once or twice a week. They assist in cleansing the teeth and
aid digestion. The animal’s instinct would appear to teach
him this ; for however good and savory the meal may be; if
there be a bone in it, he will immediately pick it out, strip it
of its meat, if there be any, and store it safely away for after
use. It is best, however, to give bones after a meal; other
‘ wise, when hungry, they are apt to eat as much of the bone
as possible, to their own injury ; as portions may get lodgedj
in the cesophagus, and give rise to asphyxia, or, from being
too hard to digest, cause gastric or intestinal irritation.
A dog should never be induced to eat against its will, ex:
GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 5
cept under circumstances which will be named when consid-
ering diseases. Many are the dogs I have had sent me for
advice, with no other complaint than want of appetite. Asa
rule, they are enormously over-fed. A week’s spare, plain
diet, and a dose of castor-oil, has generally produced the de-
sired result.
Beer, wine, and spirits should never be allowed, except
medicinally. Some dogs are particularly fond of the former.
I recently had a mastiff-bitch (Duchess) who would greedily
lap it whenever she had the chance.
Water.—There are few animals to which the denial of
water is felt to a greater degree than the dog. Whether in
health or disease, water is requisite in assisting the. natural
functions of the body.
With regard to the feeding of puppies, I have little to say ; ;
when weaning, milk is undoubtedly the most suitable diet,
and to this, as time goes on, may be gradually added a little
bread or boiled oatmeal porridge. Animal food (except an
‘occasional bone) is not advisable in any breed of young dog,
until four or five months old, and it should then be Brann
not suddenly, introduced into the diet.
' EXERCISE.
Exercise is equally beneficial to canine as it is to human
health. The mind is diverted not only in the performance
of the act, but also in the novelty of fresh scenes, new faces
and objects, bright weather, and pure and bracing air.
To the young dog it is ‘indispensable. Compare the ani-
mal which, from a puppy, has had full freedom, with one
cooped up until it has arrived at maturity’; in the former Na-
ture has asserted her right, and, unchecked, given symmetry,
full development, and health ; in the latter, crooked legs, de-
formed body, and stunted ns is the picture she presents
of an interference with her laws. Who will deny the fact that
6 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG
some poor creatures are kept on the chain from one month’s
end to another after growth is complete, with the idea that
it is then not hurtful? Fallacy! Out at the elbows and
bowed arms, with spreading toes, will in time result, and be-
come a permanent deformity. Again, loose such an one, and
the exuberance of spirits immediately manifested, the wild
scampers of delight until exhaustion takes place, will exhibit
even to the doubtful mind the enjoyment of freedom and ex-
ercise.:
Other tender little morsels of caninity are carried, pro-
tected from every breath of wind, in the arms of their mis-
tress, and thus have, as it is termed, “their airing,” the most
invigorating and muscle-developing part of it being denied
them ; and so they go their way yelping and snarling, in all
probability with envy at the gambols of those taking exercise
in a natural manner.
Exercise should not be allowed so as to produce undue
fatigue, as in carriage-followers and sporting-dogs; in the
latter, I am aware, it is under certain circumstances unavoid-
able.
- It should also, if possible, take place before feeding, or, if
impracticable, not until some hours afterwards. Running, or
long walks on a full stomach, is liable to produce fits of the
worst kind, and many a dog have I seen so affected.
Again, as I have previously observed, the meal is relished
far more after exercise than before it ; of this we have proof
in ourselves. Finally, locomotion is especially necessary in
indoor dogs, for the performance of the natural evacuatory
acts, and thereby continuance of health and purity.
Erasmus Wilson’s remarks on the subject will not be mis-
applied here: ‘“ Well-directed exercise favors the preserva-
tion of the general health by calling into direct action the
majority of the organs of the body; and it also acts power-!
fully on the skin by stimulating its functions, increasing its
temperature, awakening its tone, and subjecting it to a cur-
rent of atmosphere favorable for its respiratory offices.”
GENERAL MANAGEMENT, 7
WASHING.
Washing in moderation adds greatly to the health and
‘comfort of the dog. I say in moderation, because some. per-
sons are never satisfied unless their Eiyarites are submerged
’ twice or three times a week in water, and lathered over with
soft-soap (the latter to kill the fleas). This is a great mistake,
and three results of such a custom are—blindness, deafness,
and canker. :
Long-haired dogs require ablution more than short-haired
ones, and usually have a natural inclination for water. The
frequency of washing will depend to some extent on the man-
net in which the coat is kept; if regularly brushed and
combed, once a month is quite sufficient ; under any circum-
stances a weekly bath is more than ample. The water should
be a little more than tepid, and soap used merely enough to
create a lather ; as its alkaline properties, if used in excess,
render it an irritant to the skin (where careful. rinsing is
adopted, the caution is almost needless). This, however, as
I know from experience, is so frequently not carried out, that
the soap in the process of wiping is rubbed in, and gives rise
to the irritation named. When, then, thoroughly cleansed,
the animal should be finally douched in cold water, rubbed
dry before the fire, if the weather is raw, and immediately after
allowed some brisk exercise. Outdoor dogs will dry them-
selves after their own fashion, and a good bed of straw will be
sufficient to complete the toilet. In those breeds which have
an inclination for water, as Newfoundlands, retrievers, and
spaniels, the lake, river, or canal will afford the best means of
ablution.
8 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
GROOMING.
This is especially advisable in all dogs where fineness of
coat, kindness of skin, cleanliness, and health are desired.
Combing and brushing in long-haired dogs is absolutely ne-
cessary to prevent the hair matting, and to preserve its char-
acter. In large breeds, as the mastiff tribe, it is as requisite
for good appearance as in the horse. Once daily, twice if
possible, I have my mastiffs thoroughly groomed ; they enjoy
it, the sensation affords them pleasure, and the dog accus-
tomed to the practice will look for it as regularly as he does
his meals. The brush is a far better remedy for glossy coats
than nitre, sulphur, antimony, or arsenic.
KENNEL ARRANGEMENT.
In dealing with this subject I shall merely make a few
passing practical remarks on ordinary kennel-arrangement,
though they are not particularly applicable to one breed more
than another.
The kennel should neither have an easterly unsheltered
aspect nor damp foundation. If dogs so placed escape ken-
nel-lameness and rheumatism, it is more from mere chance or
constitution, than from the sanitary condition of the locality.
Good air, dry atmosphere and sunlight are as essential to
health and spirits in the canine as the human subject. It is
all very well to argue as to what dogs are in a state of nature
and what they are in the domestic state. Nature and art in
kennel-management are not compatible. The South Sea
Islander thrives in the hot humid atmosphere to which he-
is indigenous, and becomes fat upon the flesh of his own spe-
cies ; but he must be artificialized, so to speak, and civilized |
_ before he can accommodate himself to our colder latitudes"
and description of fodd. So with the dog; domestication
GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 9
produces in him a like result ; he accommodates himself to it
because he is artificialized ; give him the bare ground for his
bed, expose him to bleak cold winds, and allow no shelter
from wet, and disease will inevitably follow.
The kennel, then, should be dry, sunny, and cheerful ; this
is especially necessary for puppies, for the circumstances
under which they attain their growth, as will be hereafter
mentioned, will influence their disposition when they arrive
at maturity.
The benches should be elevated at least eighteen inches
above the ground, and the planks either drilled with holes or
placed an inch apart for the escape of wet, and for ventila-
tion of the bed. A strip of wood along the edge will keep
the bedding on, and prevent puppies from slipping off. To
insure dryness of the walls, I nail boarding round, with shav-
ings between.
With regard to the flooring, cement undoubtedly forms the
best and cleanest. Many different opinions have been ex-
pressed as to what it should be covered with. Sand is not
unfrequently recommended ; this, however, is not good for
dogs’ feet, it creates irritation between the toes, and gives rise
to what is known in cattle as “foul.” Fine shavings or saw-
dust are decidedly preferable, and should be put down fresh
every morning after first removing the soiled materials. A
little clean bedding scattered over the latter to give it an ap-
pearance of cleanliness, is like wearing a clean shirt on a dirty
body, or gloves on filthy hands—the evil is still there, dis-
guised.
Washing or swilling down the flows is a necessary office,
but it is often carried to extremes, and then becomes an evil
by engendering continual damp, and acting as a fruitful source
of rheumatism and kennel-lameness. Once a week is quite
“often enough for this duty. After the place has been thor-
oughly swept and mopped, I always have ashes thrown over
the floor; these absorb any wet that may have lodged in
sunken vilvces or between the bricks, and in old, somewhat
Io THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
uneven, and broken floors they are of great service. In half
an hour they may be swept off, and a little crude carbolic acid
dropped here and there, after which dress with the sawdust
or shavings.
Mr. H. D. Kingdon, whose experience in the management
of dogs, particularly mastiffs, is considerable, ranging over a
period of forty years, and for whose sound opinion I entertain
the highest respect, informs me his kennels are constructed in
Stables and shedding, and formed into loose boxes ; the floor-
ing is composed of asphalte, and is sloped from the sides to
the centre, and outwards to communicate with the common
drain. On this flooring he has a slight sprinkling of air-slacked
lime, and this is littered over with fern. The bench is com-
posed of a loose wooden floor, on planks separated a short
distance, and nailed across joists. (Fig. 1.)
1
S——;
Fig. 1.
The top line x is the bench, the oblique lines 2 2 the slop-
ing asphalte-floor. ,
For full-grown dogs he uses four-legged bedsteads similar
to a table, with a ledge round the outside to prevent them
getting their legs between it and the wall, and sufficient space
is left to walk on two sides of the said table.
ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICINE,
This is often a troublesome process with canine patients ;
the usually affectionate, obedient, and harmless pet Hecenres
(through fear and mental excitement) snappish and resistful.
And a general complaint the veterinary attendant hears is: .
.GENERAL MANAGEMENT, Ir
“Tt’s no use, sir, we can’t give him the medicine ; the more
we try, the more he struggles, fights, and bites.” This in the
majority of cases is so. The reason for which is that, as a
rule, strength versus system is the plan adopted. As with our-
selves, so with the dog, there is a right and a wrong way in the
taking or administering of medicine.
The medicine is in the form of a pill or draught. The
former may be given one or two ways: first, taking the ani-
mal in the lap, or rearing him up between the knees, the up-
per part of the mouth is then grasped with the hand, and the
lips on either side thrust between the teeth ; security against
the operator being bitten, is gained by the dog being afraid of
biting and hurting himself. The head is then elevated, the
pill is dropped into the posterior part of the mouth, and- the
jaws immediately closed and held so; and if the animal re-
fuses to swallow it, placing the fingers on or compressing the
nostrils will speedily compel him to do so. Pushing the pill
down with the finger is injudicious and unnecessary. The
other and more advisable way, if it can be contrived, is by
deception—z.e., clothing the pill in a little meat, and ee
it to the animal to bolt.
With regard to draughts, they should be administered as
follows: The animal being placed in the same position as for
the pill, the angle of the mouth is drawn away from the teeth,
and into the pouch thus formed the medicine may be poured ;
the same means as recommended in the former will, if he re-
fuses, compel him to swallow it. :
Some forms of medicine, more or less tasteless from the
minuteness of the dose, may be given in a little milk or broth,
which the animal laps voluntarily.
12 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
NURSING.
It is, I think, necessary before entering on the general
subject of diseases, that I should say a few words about nurs-
ing.
As in human, so in canine practice, good nursing is one
of the greatest helps the medical attendant can have: indeed,
it may almost be said to be indispensable in the treatment of
disease.
Warmth, comfort, cleanliness, pure air, good food, and
water, regularity i in the administration of medicine where it
has to be given, kindness, watchfulness in the progress or
abatement of certain symptoms, are all matters requiring the
supervision of the nurse.
In shori, the health of the patient is in the majority of
cases quite as much in the hands of the nurse as of the pro-
fessional attendant, and the fault so often, in all classes of
practice, attached to the medical treatment would generally
be more correctly placed to the lack of attention on the part
of those on whom the general care of the patient devolves. It
is always therefore advisable to let the latter know the full
extent of his or her responsibility ; and that though the charge -
is, as they may express it, “ dud a dog,” it is endued with imag-
ination, instincts, and thought, has a language of its own, is
sensible of neglect, harshness, yea, even cross looks on the
part of those ministering to it, and to a degree rarely exhibited
in other of the lower animals.
The two then—the practitioner and nurse—acting in com-
bination, and working to the same end, if they do not reap the
desired reward of their labors, have at least the satisfaction
of knowing they did their best for the patient under their
care,
CHAPTER II.
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS.
CATARRH, PLEURISY,
INFLUENZA, PNEUMONIA,
LARYNGITIS, CONSUMPTION,
BRONCHITIS, POLYPUS,
ASTHMA, OZANA.
CATARRH,
Or what is commonly known as “a cold,” consists of a febrile
or inflammatory condition of the mucous membranes. When
confined to the eyes and nostrils itis termed Coryza, from
Kapa the head, and few, to boil; signifying a fevered con-
dition of, or cold in the head. If it extends to the mucous
membrane of the bronchial tubes, it gives rise to what is
termed bronchitis. If to the alimentary tract, we have an
enteritic or gastroenteritic catarrh. The two latter are not un-
frequent in distemper.
The usual causes of common or simple catarrh are damp,
cold, or contagion.
Symptoms.—Increased secretion of mucus from the mem-
branes affected, eyes watery, nose hot and dry, shiverings,
sneezing, and sometimes cough, languor, fever, and consequent
thirst.
As the disease proceeds, these symptoms increase in
severity, the mucous secretion becomes thicker, respiration
13
14 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
impeded, the shiverings more frequent, languor greater, urine
high-colored, bowels constipated, and_ stools coated with
slime.
Treatment—Fortunately for the patient, the old system of
depletion by bleeding and physic is with men of science no
longer in use. The administration of diffusible stimulants at
the onset, with careful attention to warmth and comfort,
generally suffices to effect a cure.
Spt. Camphor........ eee I ounce.
Spt. Alther Nitsesss+ eee aes an
Lig. Ammon. Acetat..--..-- 4.
A teaspoonful twice or three times a day for a small dog
double for a large one. ,
Where the fever runs high, tarter emetic, 14-1 grain, or
Dover’s powder, 5-10 grains, may be given daily ; but this
usually in the dog is uncalled for. If the mucous discharge
has a tendency to lodge in the facial sinuses, which a rattling
respiration with frequent snuffling will denote, steaming the
head will encourage its outward flow, and afford considerable
relief.
The diet requires very little alteration, warm broth, beef-
' tea, or milk, are most suitable. The liability of catarrh to
extend to other structures must not be overlooked. Undue
and premature exposure to damp and cold during the attack
should therefore be avoided. If much debility attends the
complaint, from s—1o drops of tinct. ferri in 1-2 teaspoon-
fuls of cod-liver oil should, after the first three or four days,
take the place of the first prescribed medicine. Constipation
is best relieved with enemas, or a little salad oil—purgatives.
are strongly contra-indicated.
INFLUENZA,
Or epidemic catarrh, is similar in character to the foregoing
disease, but it is attended with greater prostration, and is
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 15
more highly contagious. The direct cause is unknown ; it was
supposed by the Italians to be due to some stellar influence,
hence the term Jufluenza, signifying influence. It is now
generally believed to arise from a peculiar condition of the
atmosphere, but in what that condition consists is still a
mystery. Dogs are liable to it at any age, and at all periods
of the year. Spring and autumn are, however, the seasons in
which it is most frequently seen, and this tends to prove that
if cold and damp do not actually produce influenza, they may
be certainly looked upon as predisposing agents.
Symptoms.—These vary somewhat in their manifestation,
Frequently the disease is ushered in with scarcely any pre-
monitory symptoms, beyond extreme lassitude. In some
sneezing, redness of the eyes, and flow of tears, are the first
observed. In others sore throat, loss of appetite, nausea and
vomiting, are alone present. Whilst in others, again, cough,
expectoration, and muco-purulent discharge from the nostrils
almost immediately follow the first signs of lassitude. What-
ever form, however, it primarily assumes, it invariably ter-
minates in the one which is diagnostic of influenza, and the
symptoms named become more or less associated ; and added
to these, we have hurried respiration, increased weak pulse,
scanty and turbid urine, faeces dry and slimy, hot skin, dry
furred tongue, internal temperature high, and in the latter
stages an oedematous condition of the limbs. In severe types
that are allowed to run on unchecked, pleurisy and effusion
in the chest become complicated with it.
Treatment.—Bodily warmth, proper ventilation, and dif-
fusible stimulants are first indicated.
The medicine prescribed in the preceding disease, is
equally adapted to this ; and where there is extreme debility
the tinct. ferri should follow, or if cedematous, the iodide of
iron in the same proportions. Linseed-meal poultices, or
mustard or ammonia embrocation, may be applied to the
throat if swollen or sore, and steaming the head will be at-
tended with benefit. Purgatives should on no account be re-
16 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES ‘OF THE DOG.
sorted to. Impaction of feces can best be removed by means
of plain enemas.
The diet must be nourishing and easy of digestion, as
broth, beef-tea, gruel, or milk. For chest complications, refer
to treatment under their respective heads.
LARYNGITYIS.
Inflammation of the larynx, the upper or vocal part of
the windpipe, is an affection very commonly met with in
canine practice. Highly-pampered dogs, particularly pugs
and yard dogs with deficient shelter, are most liable to
laryngitis. I have also observed what may be designated a
temporary or simple form of it, in sheep-dogs when gathering
flocks together, and the same is not uncommon at and after
dog-shows, due to incessant barking.
Predisposing Causes.—Frequent and long-continued bark-
ing ;,a previous attack of the same disease.
Lxciting Causes,—Exposure to wet and cold, the presence
of foreign matter, injuries, irritating inhalations, or extension
of neighboring inflammation.
Symptoms.—Hoarseness, cough easily induced by external
pressure, increased respiration and salivary secretion, frothy
discharge from the nostrils, difficulty in swallowing, and
pyrexia, pulse small, hard and frequent. These symptoms,
if not checked, rapidly increase, and the patient dies from
suffocation. .
Treatment**—Of course removal of the cause is primarily
* ( &sterreichische Vierteljahresschrift, 1873.) Harms, injected o07 -
grammes of morphine hydrochlorate, in solution, beneath the s:in of.a
dog which had been suffering from a dry laryngeal cough for four weeks.
For two hours after thie injection, the animal exhibited every symptomiof
complete narcotism, with total loss of consciousness and sensibility. In.
the course of eight hours it manifested sensibility when pricked with a .
pin, and could raise itself on its four limbs. In twenty-four hours it was
able to stagger into its kennel, but it had no appetite. In two days anda
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 17
necessary, and then treatment should be directed to the effect.
If the disease is early recognized, mild counter-irritants to the
larynx externally, hot fomentation or linseed-meal poultice, an
emetic, and a warm moist atmosphere, will generally effect a
cure. In fact, a dog with laryngitis requires much the same
treatment as achild with croup. Where the symptoms have be-
come so aggravated that suffocation is threatened, tracheoto-
my is indicated, and all further treatment must be external.
Attempting to drench a dog at this stage is attended with great
danger, from the extremely irritable condition of the throat.
A violent fit of coughing, ending in asphyxia, would, in all
probability, be the result of such a proceeding. (For the
extraction or removal of foreign matters, see ‘ Choking.”)
The diet should consist entirely of slops of a mucilagin-
ous nature, as broth, beef-tea, or milk thickened with isin-
glass.
CHRONIC LARYNGITIS.
Is not an unfrequent sequel of the former. It is character-
ized by continued hoarseness, with periodical exacerbations,
specially induced by over-exertion, or the sudden inhalation
of cold air, a dry husky cough, and mucous expectoration.
We may relieve the symptoms, but when finally established
the disease is incurable. Iron, cod-liver oil and an occa-
sional dose of tartar emetic are the best medicinal agents.
Local treatment is often beneficial. Biniodide of mercury—
1 part to 16 of lard—applied twice weekly, until sufficient
irritation is produced, or the‘insertion of a small seton, is ad-
visable. ,
half it was as lively as before the injection ; and until it left the hospitala
week afterwards, the cough had not returned.—( Veterinary Fournal, Sept.,
1875.)
2
18 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
BRONCHITIS.
Bronchitis is an affection to which dogs are very liable.
It may exist as a primary or secondary disease—z.e., it may
be present alone, or as an extension of catarrh or other Te-.
spiratory affections. Likewise it may be acute or chronic.
Causes.—Cold, damp, irritating inhalation, neglected or
protracted catarrh, or extension of other respiratory affec-
tions.
Symptoms.—These will depend on the extent of the bron-
‘chial inflammation; if the malady is only confined to the
larger branches of the bronchi, the breathing will be much
less disturbed than when the subdivisions are involved, par-
ticularly the smaller ones. The cough in the former will also
_be jess frequent, louder and more sonorous, with little or no
expectoration. This form is, however, rarely seen in the
dog ; or, if so, only to be quickly succeeded by the more
complicated one. I shall therefore describe the general
symptoms of the latter in its acute stage.
The respiration is hurried and difficult, the breath hot, an
incessant wheezing cough (which ultimately becomes dry and
short), succeeded by expectoration and vomiting accompany-
ing it. The expectoration is usually frothy, and sometimes
mingled with blood. The eyes are red and inflamed, the
nose dry and hot, mouth devoid of moisture, tongue parched
and coated with brown fur. The pulse is quick and small,
and the heart’s action jerking. On auscultation, the latter
emits a thumping noise, and the diagnostic mucous rattle of
bronchitis is very distinctly heard. A thin mucous discharge ;
from the nostrils usually takes place’ soon after bronchitis —
sets in, and, as the* disease proceeds, this becomes copious, °
muco-purulent, and accompanied by violent sneezing.
As the malady advances all these symptoms increase in
severity, and the poor animal dies either from sheer exhaus-
tion, acute inflammatory fever, or asphyxia.
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 19
Treatment.—Immediately symptoms of acute bronchitis
are observed, it is advisable to place the animal in a moder-
ately warm, sufficiently ventilated, and dry habitation. With
regard to medicinal agents, from 1 to 3 grains of tartar emetic,
in proportion to the size of the patient, is at the onset very
beneficial. If the disease proceeds, the following mixture
may be used:
= SptCamph, oa. sigessvarviadervemene as ¥% ounce. ~
Spt. AGHMER Nite serves dacnsianasrada tease ca
Liquorice Extract...........6c eee eee 4 “
A teaspoonful for a small dog, double for a full-sized ter-
rier, treble for a large dog, twice or three times a day.
When the cough is very troublesome, a dose of the follow-
ing every now and then, in the same proportions as the
above, will afford relief : :
Tince, Opisistes Sige dpemenelsie dudes 20 drops.
Essence of Anisi........0 -....ee essere 30 «CS
Liquorice Extract..........+-.eee sees, I ounce,
Linseed Tea..v i cceecscete tenes eres nee Bee
When it fails to do so, an emetic is generally beneficial.
Counter-irritation is also very useful in the shape of hot lin-
seed-meal poultices to the front of the chest, or, in severe
cases, mustard-plasters or turpentine embrocations.
Warm broths or bread and milk form the most suitable
diet. .
From the susceptibility of a return of the malady, unne-
cessary exposure to cold or damp should be avoided, and,
until a thorough restoration to health is established, the ani-
mal should not be allowed to return to his natural and ordi-
nary life.
20 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS.
This is usually a sequel of the acute form, and is more
generally met with in old animals. It rarely leaves the
patient, and increases in severity in the cold: seasons of the
year.
The symptoms are invariable: cough of a husky charac-
ter, shortness of breath, increased with exertion, expectora-
tion, and retching.
Treatment.—This consists in alleviating the symptoms,
and avoiding unnecessary exposure to cold and damp. Oc-
casional stimulants combined with iron form the best medici-
nal treatment, and the cough mixture prescribed in the acute
form is also useful.
VERMINOUS BRONCHITIS IN DOGS.*
Early in the month of January I was asked by Principal
McEachran, F.R.C.V.S., to aid him in the investigation of a
disease which had broken out among the pups at the kennels
of the Montreal Hunt Club, and which was believed to be of
a pneumonic nature. On proceeding to the place we found
that the affection was confined almost exclusively to animals
under eight months old, and that it had already proved fatal
in several-instances. At the time of the visit only one pup
was ill, presenting symptoms of diminished air space in the
chest. In order to ascertain the exact condition of the lungs,
one of the pups, which had died a day or two previously, and
had meanwhile frozen stiff, was ordered to be sent to the
* A Paper read before the Montreal Veterinary Medical Association, '
March 2gth, 1877, by William Osler, M.D., L.R.C.P. Lond.; Fellow of
the Royal Microscopical Society, London; Vice-President of the Mon-
treal Veterinary Medical Association ; Professor of Physiology in McGill
University, and in the Veterinary College, Montreal.
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 21
Veterinary College for dissection. On the following day it
was found at the autopsy that, in addition to the pneumonia,
there were numerous small parasitic worms in the trachea
and bronchial tubes. Knowing how subject many of the
lower animals are to bronchial strongyles, I did not think it
very remarkable that they should occur in the dog. On re-
ferring, however, to Dr. Cobbold’s list of entozoa infesting
the dog, I was surprised not to find a bronchial strongyle
mentioned, and a further search through the standard works
on veterinary medicine and helminthology proving fruitless,
I then wrote to the editors of the Veterinarian asking for in-
formation on the subject. They very kindly replied ina
short éditorial note in the March number, stating ‘that,’ so
far as their knowledge extends, ‘no such cases have been
placed formally on record,’ but Dr. Cobbold tells them ‘that
one such instance has been verbally brought under his no-
tice, though not in such a way as to be thoroughly convinc-
ing.’
“T shall proceed now to speak of the symptoms and pa-
thology of the disease, then give a description of the parasite
itself, and make a few general remarks.
“ Symptoms.—Only five of the diseased animals were seen
during life.and that rather irregularly, on account of the dis-
tance of the kennels from the city. However, I have ob-
tained some important details from the keeper, and a case
which was brought to the infirmary and kept for some time
was made the subject of clinical study. |
“ Among the initial symptoms disinclination for food and
exercise, together with an unsteadiness of gait, amounting in
some of the cases to a subparalytic condition of the hinder
extremities, were the most evident. In fully half of the cases
convulsions occurred. .There was rarely diarrhoea or any
other symptom referable to gastro-intestinal disorder. Cough
was nota prominent symptom, being absent in many of the
cases. ‘When present, it was short and husky, ‘not,’ as the
keeper said, ‘the regular distemper cough.’ In the case
22 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
brought to the infirmary the cough was well marked, and
was dry and short. The pulse and respirations were in-
creased, and the temperature elevated. Towards the close
all food was refused, and even when fed the soup given was
“commonly vomited. Death took place in most instances
quietly, though sometimes during a convulsion, and the keeper
noticed that the pups which lasted the longest had the most
fits. The duration.of the disease ranged from three days to
a week, or even ten days. The whole epidemic lasted about
seven weeks.
“ Although fifteen couples were attacked, all of which,
with the exception of three couples of old dogs, were under
eight months old. Of the old dogs three had the disease
badly, but only one died. Of the total number affected four
and a half couples recovered, so that twenty-one animals were
lost. The dogs which recovered are now in their usual health,
though not in such good condition as they were before.
“With regard to the hygienic surroundings of the animals
it may be stated that, at present, the kennels are in an old
house which stands by itself on the Government property
known as Logan’s Farm, at the east end of the city. It is
isolated, being at some distance from any other building, and
is situated on an elevated ridge overlooking the Quebec sub-
urbs.
“The disease showed itself during a remarkably cold
spell ; indeed for the first three weeks of the epidemic the
thermometer was almost constantly below zero. It was first
observed in two or three pups of four couples which were
kept by themselves in a separate room, 14ft. by 8ft. ; the floor
being covered with straw, which was changed every week.
There was a cupboard in the room, and in this the pups
slept. This room was on the exposed side of the house, and,
according to the keeper, was always very cold. The rest of
the animals were kept in tolerably roomy quarters, though at
night, with the doors closed, I do not think the ventilation
would be sufficient. During the day they had free access to
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS: 23
a large yard. The food consisted of porridge and cooked
horseflesh, which were given either separately or boiled to-
gether. They got nothing else. The oatmeal was of good
quality, nor did I find in portions of the food removed from the
feeding-pans any thing which afforded the slightest clue to the
origin of the disease.
“ Pathology.— Post-mortem examinations were made in eight
cases. The following notes were dictated at the time :
“Case 1.—Autopsy eighteen hours after death. Body that
of a well-nourished, half-grown, fox-hound bitch. On open-
ing the thorax the lungs only partially collapse ; the lower
borders of the lobes are firm to the touch and dark in color.
The vessels in the lower mediastinum look full, and the
tissues in that region are blood-stained. Pericardium nat-
ural; heart appears of normal size; right auricle filled with
dark grumous clots, which extend into the vessels and are
here decolorized. Right ventricle distended with dark, semi-
coagulated blood ; the conus arteriosus is filled with a per-
fectly decolorized clot, which passes into the pulmonary artery
to the third and fourth divisions. The left auricle contains a
small coagulum. The left ventricle contains no blood, but
the whole cavity is occupied by a firm milk-white thrombus,
which is connected through the mitral valve with the one in
the auricle, while a prolongation from it extends into the
aorta. :
“ Zungs.—After removal, on inverting them, a. quantity of
dirty brown frothy fluid escapes through the larynx.
“The anterior and middle lobes and the anterior half of the
posterior lobe of the right lung are solidified, being of a dark
reddish-brown color, and contrasting strongly with the un-
~ affected parts. The plural surfaces are smooth, and there is
no exudation. On section the lung tissue is of a dark red
color, the surface of the section finely granular, and bathed
with a quantity of reddish-brown serum. On close inspection
it is seen that the air-cells are uniformly filled with a solid
24 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
exudation ; attempts at inflation of the affected portions with
air are unsuccessful. Portions excised sink at once when
placed in water. -In the left lung the apex of the anterio1
lobe, the whole of the middle, and the root of one of the pos-
terior lobes are in the same condition. The portions of the
organs not diseased are of a rosy red externally, and on sec-
tion contain much blood and frothy serum. Between the
healthy and diseased parts there is a zone of intense hyper-
zemia.
“ Trachea.—On slitting up the windpipe the mucous mem-
brane is found covered with a dark frothy mucus. The
membrane looks pale and natural to within an inch of the
bifurcation, but at this point it becomes reddened, and uneven
from the projection of irregular little masses of a greyish yellow
color, which on close inspection are found to be localized
swellings of the membrane, containing small parasitic worms,
the white bodies of which can be seen lying upon and par-
tially imbeded in these elevations. They are most abundant
just at, the bifurcation, at the lower part of which several
have emerged, forming an elevation of three or four lines in
height. About the orifices of the second divisions these
little masses are also seen, and the whole mucous membrane
of this region is deeply congested, and somewhat swollen.
Very few of the worms are found lying free on the mucous
membrane ; almost all of them are attached to the masses
or buried in them. The smaller tubes, especially those lead-
ing to the diseased portions of the lungs, are filled with a
dirty brown fluid, and on squeezing any portion of the organ
quantities of it can be expelled.
“The bronchical glands are swollen and enlarged.
“The spleen appears healthy.
“The deft kidney contains a large amount of blood ; other-
wise looks natural. Nothing unusual in the right one.
“The stomach contains a few ounces of dark brown fluid;
mucous membrane is pale. Large veins full.
“The duodenum contains a bile-stained mucus. and on
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS, 25
pressing the gall bladder, bile flows from the papilla bil-
iaria.
“ Fejunum and ileum contain a dirty black material adher-
ing to the mucous membrane.
“One teenia elliptica and one ascaris marginata are found
in the jejunum.
Large bowel healthy.
“ Liver firm, dark red in color, lobules indistinct, hepatic
veins full, gall-bladder contains a small amount of bile. There
is a clot in the portal vein.
“ Brain.—Nothing abnormal about the membranes. Sub-
stance of good consistence and apparently healthy. ,
“In the following cases I have condensed the original
account.
“Case 2.—A five months old dog pup, which had been ill
a week.
“ Extensive pneumonic consolidation of the lungs, involv-
ing the lower part of the anterior lobe, and scattered patches
in the middle lobe on the left side, and half the posterior lobe
on the right. On section the solidified parts presented the
appearance already described in the preceding case, and the
unaffected portions are in a state of engorgement. On
slitting up the trachea and bronchial tubes much frothy blood-
tinged serum escaped, but no trace of any parasites can be
found either in the tubes or parenchyma of the lungs. No
ova or young parasites can be found in the blood of the cav-
ities of the heart or of the pulmonary artery.
“ Abdominal viscera appear healthy, though, owing to the
obstruction in the lesser circulation, the Blnod-vessels are
engorged. A few ascarides in the intestine, and one small
tenia elliptica.
“Case 3.—Dog pup, six months old.
“Tn the left lung there are scattered patches of pneumonia
in the anterior lobe, one or two are in the middle lobe, and
26 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
half-a-dozen, the size of marbles, closely set together in the
upper part of the posterior lobe. In the right lung the ante-
rior lobe is solid in an area 3” by 1”, extending along the
lower free border, and through the whole thickness. Small
patches occur here and there over the other lobes. In this in-
stance the inflamed spots are smaller, and not so extensive as
in the other cases. On slitting up the trachea the mucous
membrane looks healthy to within 2” of the bifurcation, when
it becomes swollen, dark red in color, and thickly scattered
over with the elevated granular masses noticed in the first
case, attached to and in which numerous small white worms
can be seen. A stream of water of considerable force does
not wash them away, but shows that each little elevation con-
sists of a nest of the parasites. They extend to the tubes of
the second order, and are specially abundant at the bifurca-
tion itself, and about the orifices of the first tubes given off
from the main bronchi. The small tubes are filled up with a
frothy serum. ‘Two of the worms are found far in the mucus.
“Stomach and intestines appear healthy, except the lower
portion of the ileum, which is congested.
“In this region ten specimens of dochmius trigonocephalus
occur, and-further up in the bowel eight ascarides.
“Case 4.—A six months old dog pup brought to the in-
firmary and died the next day.
“Tn the left lung the anterior and middle lobes and the
lower free border of the posterior lobe are solidified.
“Yn the right lung the lower three-fourths of the anterior -
and middle lobes, and the lower fourth of the posterior lobe,
are in the same condition. Pleural surfaces involved. The
posterior half of the windpipe contains upon the mucous mem-
brane of its lower wall about a dozen small red patches, which
extend in the axis of the tube; some appearing like linear .
streaks due to the injection of a few vessels. In all of them »
the presence of parasites can be determined, though in some
of the smaller only one is found. ‘They become more numer-
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 27
ous about the bifurcation and in the main bronchi, occupying
chiefly the lower wall. The masses are isolatéd and the
mucous membrane between them intensely injected. None
are found in the second divisions of the tubes.
“ Abdominal organs contain a good deal of blood. Mucous
membrane of stomach and intestines looks healthy. The large
bowel contains a quantity of consistent faeces. Six ascarides
in the duodenum ; six specimens of dochmius trigonocephalus
in the jejunum, and ten specimens of tricocephalus affinis in
the czecum. . ‘
“Blood of heart and veins examined ; nothing abnormal
found.
“ CasE 5.—Seven months old bitch pup. Considerable
emaciation. Scattered areas of pneumonia throughout both
lungs ; not quite so extensive as in Case 4, but presenting
similar characters. From an inch in front of the bifurcation
of the trachea to the bronchi of the second order, the whole
mucous membrane is transformed into an irregular greyish-
yellow granular structure, upon which the bodies of numerous"
white worms can be plainly seen. Two sizes may be distin-
guished, one longer and of a more opaque white, which sub-
sequent examination showed to be the female, the other
shorter, thinner, and paler. In this case, even about the orifices
of the third division of the bronchi, a few nests of the parasite
can be seen. In the mucus from the smaller tubes a few of
the adult worms occur, and on spreading it out on glass slips,
and examining with a low power, a few ova and free embryos
are seen.
’“ Blood of heart and veins contain no parasites.
“Nothing abnormal in the stomach or intestines ; a large
specimen of tenia elliptica in the latter, also a few ascarides.
“ CasE 6.—-A thin, badly nourished dog pup, six months
old. Lungs present numerous patches of consolidation, invol-
ving on the right side the lower half of the anterior lobe, and
a large piece of the posterior lobe. On the left side the free
28 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
borders of the anterior and middle lobes for almost two inches
from the margin, and a broad strip along the upper part of
the posterior lobe.
“Trachea and bronchi healthy ; mucous membrane of the
tubes in the affected parts congested, but no parasites in the
membrane or in the long tissue.
“ Stomach and intestines appear natural ; a few ascarides
in the latter. Nothing abnormal found in the blood.
“Case 7.—Dog pup, seven months old. The autopsy,
which was made at the same time as the previous case, reveals
a similar condition of the lungs, and an entire absence of any
parasites either in the tubes or in the parenchyma of the lungs,
Nothing unusual in the abdominal organs. The tenia ellipti-
ca and five or six ascarides in the jejunum.,
“ Case 8.—A fine, well-grown dog pup, eight months old,
Had been ill a week.
“ Lungs contain pneumonic areas of considerable extent ;
in the right involving the entire apex with the dependent bor-
der, and a small portion of the posterior lobe near the dia-
phragm. In the left lung almost the whole of the ‘middle
lobe, and the root of the posterior, are especially affected.
“On opening the windpipe the discrete elevations above
described upon the mucous membrane about the bifurcation
are very distinct, and the worms can be seen in them. The
appearance is very like that met with in Case 4, and the de
cription need not be repeated. No parasites in the intestines.
Nothing abnormal found in the blood.
“The general and specific characters of the worm may be
~ defined as follows:
“ Strongylus canis bronchialis—A slender nematode hel-
minth, body filiform, the female measuring about one-fourth
of an inch in length, the male smaller, measuring one-sixth to
one-eighth of an inch ; head conical, mouth simple, unprovided
with papillz ; tail of female obtuse, anal and generative ori-
“ces terminal, opening by a cloaca; ovarian tube containing
one row of eggs, which, in the mature species, have developed.
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 29
into slender-coiled embryos ; tail of the male somewhat
pointed ; penis consists of a double spiculum of a yellowish-
brown color ; mode of reproduction viviparous.
“Only occasionally, as stated above, were the worms found
lying free upon the bronchial membrane ; as a rule, they lay
imbedded in a localized granular swelling of the mucosa, from
Fic. 2. Fic. 3.
Head of Male Tail of Female Worm
Worm. showing the young Embryos.
which portions of them protruded. They could readily be
pulled out with a pair of fine forceps, but a stream of water
did not wash them away. In several of the cases examined
(more especially Case 4) the whole mucous membrane of the
affected part appeared rough and irregular, as if ulcerated,
and innumerable parasites lay upon and in it. The mature
females could easily be distinguished, not only by their larger
size, but by the opaque whiteness of their bodies. The ma-
jority of the female worms examined were immature, and did
not contain developed ova. The males were not nearly so
numerous as the females. Forms intermediate between the
adult worms and the young embryos (some of which, as
already mentioned, existed free in the mucus) were not met
with.
“The occurrence in the bronchial tubes of the lower ani-
mals of nematoid worms belonging to the genus strongylus is
by no means uncommon. Owing to the irritation caused by
their development in the mucous membrane an inflammation
30 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
of the tubes is produced, hence the affection is known by the
names of parasitic or verminous bronchitis, popularly called
‘husk.’ or ‘hoose.’ It is not altogether unknown in man, but
very few instances are on record. Infesting the domestic ani-
“mals there are three well-recognized species of strongylus ; the ,
S. filaria of the sheep and goat ; S. paradoxus of the pig ; and
S. micrurus of the calf, more rarely of the horse and ass. In
calves and lambs parasitic bronchitis often constitutes a seri-
ous and fatal epidemic, so much so that in the latter it goes
by the name of the lamb disease. So fa: as I know, no epi-
demic of the kind has been noticed in Canada. The species I
have here described differs in several particulars from either
of the above mentioned, and is most probably new to science.
“The origin of the epidemic must, I am afraid, like that
of so many other diseases, remain obscure. We have abso-.
lutely nothing to aid us in forming an opinion on the subject, |
There had been no change in the locality nor in the food. The
straw upon which the dogs slept was of the ordinary kind, and
the usual attention had been paid to changing it and also to’
the general sanitary condition of the place. The disease broke —
out, too, during a spell of very severe weather, when the food
left in the pans froze quickly. The course of the epidemic —
was short, lasting between six and seven weeks, a sufficient
timé, however, to destroy almost all the pups in the kennels.
“The mode of invasion in parasitic diséase of the bron-
chial tubes has been, and still is, a matter of much dispute,
some observers maintaining that ‘the ova and young parasites
taken up with the food in the first-place gain access from the
alimentary canal to the circulation ;’ others hold the view
that they pass directly from the mouth to the trachea, or that
the ova are inhaled by the breath. The former view is the
one most generally entertained, and it is urged in its favor
that the presence of the worms has been determined in the
cavities of the heart and in the blood-vessels, as well as in the
intestines. Now, in the epidemic under consideration, I think
this view does not meet the case. Supposing the young em-
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS, 31
bryos to have been ingested and to have gained access to the
branches of the portal vein, they would then be carried to the
right side of the heart, and from thence to the lungs, by the
pulmonary artery, the capillaries of which ramify in the lung
substance alone, a situation in which the parasites did not
occur. To get to the bronchial mucous membrane they must
be returned by the pulmonary veins to the left side of the
heart, enter the aorta, and pass out by the small bronchial
arteries which supply the tubes—an exceedingly roundabout
and somewhat improbable route. It is to be remembered that
young strongyles have been found capable, like many other
nematoid worms, of reviving on the application of moisture
after a desiccation of a month or more, and even after immer-
sion in spirits of wine, and solutions of corrosive sublimate
and alum (Williams), so that their chance of survival under
adverse circumstances is unusually good. It seems quite as
reasonable to suppose that the dried embryos were inhaled
_with the breath, and, lighting in the mucous membrane, found
suitable conditions for development. The position cf the
parasites about the bifurcation of the trachea, at the angles of
division of the main bronchi, and most abundantly in the
lower wall of the tubes, just the localities where small particles
would be most likely to lodge, favors an infection through
the air rather than by the blood. - The negative evidences in
the heart and blood-vessels do not go for much either way, as
the examination in all the cases was made after the invasion
of the parasites, and consequently at a time when they could
scarcely be found in the circulation.
“Tt is a somewhat remarkable fact that verminous bron-
chitis prevails to a much greater extent, and is more. fatal in
young animals than in adults. ‘Thus lambs and calves are the
chief victims in epidemics of ‘ hoose,’ whereas it is only occa.
sionally that adult animals succumb to the disease. In lambs
the worms are usually found in the bronchial tubes, while in
sheep they are more commonly encysted in the lung tissue it-
self, where they do not appear to cause much irritation. It
32 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
seems to me that in the anatomical peculiarities of the lungs
in young animals we have an explanation of the fatality of the
disease among them. If the bronchial tubes of a young ani-
mal be compared with those of an adult they are seen to be
softer, much less rigid ; the mucous membrane is lower, not
so thin, nor so closely attached to the tissues beneath. Hence
it happens that in inflammation of the tubes from any cause,
swelling and tumefaction of the mucous membrane readily
occur, and constitute elements of danger which are directly
proportionate to the calibre of the tubes attacked. In the
cases above reported the swelling of the membrane in the lar-
ger tubes was considerable, and, though not sufficient to pre-
vent the access of. air, must have interfered greatly with the
expulsion of mucus from the smaller tubes, not only by de-
creasing and narrowing the orifices of exit, but also by destroy-
ing, over an important area, the ciliary action so useful for
this purpose. The same difference is met with in human
practice. Ordinary acute bronchitis in the adult is not at all
a dangerous affection, while in young children it is the reverse;
and for the very reason that in them the bronchial mucous
membrane swells easily, and there is not the same expulsive
power to enable them to get rid of the mucus which, in con-
sequence, accumulates, and may cause collapse or inflamma.
tion of the lung tissue. Inthe ‘lamb disease’ death occurs
from asphyxia, caused by the collection of mucus in the tubes.
I have no records at hand of the state of the lung tissue in
these cases, whether it is in a condition of collapse or of in-
flammation; probably the latter, for I see the expression
‘verminous pneumonia,’ used by some authors.
“With reference to the pneumonic condition of the lungs
of the dogs in this epidemic, it will be remembered that in
three of the post-mortem examinations the inflammation of the
lungs was found without the occurrence of parasites in the
bronchial tubes ; the pneumonia being quite as extensive as
in the cases accompanied with strongyles. I must confess
that this circumstance has puzzled me not a little, and I see
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 33
no very satisfactory explanation of the fact. It appears
natural to refer the diseased condition of the lung substance
in the parasite cases to the accumulation of the mucis in the
smaller tubes producing collapse of the air-cells in certain
areas, which subsequently became inflamed—a sequence of
events sometimes. observed in children. The appearance of
the lungs in several of the cases corresponds with this view ;
for the pneumonia was lobular, affecting small and isolated
portions of the lung tissue.”
Mr. James Moore, in his work on the homceopathic treat-
ment of the dog, in his section on “Internal Parasites in the
Air- Passages,” gives the following:
“ Fentastomum Tenioides.—This worm occupies that part
of the respiratory tube which lies anterior to the larynx, and
specially inhabits the nasal sinuses, etc. Obstruction more or
less marked is the consequence of its presence in this region.
“‘ Chobart first discovered it in the frontal sinus of the
horse and the dog. He confounded it with the tania, and
christened it the senza lancéolé. ,
“Blanchard examined many dogs without finding it, and
states that the helminthological collection at the Jardin des
Plantes contains only two specimens. It has been found in
dogs in different parts of the Continent, and also in other
animals. Leuchart introduced the Pentastomum denticulatum
of the rabbit into the nostrils of a dog, where he afterwards
found the ent. tenioides. He concludes that the former,
which lies encysted in the viscera of several species of ani-
mals, is the larval form of the latter. He states that mature
ripe eggs are thrown off from this parasite, and discharged
with the nasal mucus of its host in the act of sneezing. These
embryonic forms manage somehow or other to get introduced
into the bodies of other animals, where they become fully
developed. Fiirstenberg has found the immature or asexual
form in the mesenteric glands of the sheep, as developed from
the eggs of this parasite, which are swallowed by the sheep
with its food. When a dog or wolf eats the entrails and
3.
34 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
mesenteric glands of such sheep, the embryonic parasite sticks
to the nose and lips, and afterwards passes up the nostrils,
where it becomes firmly fixed by its hooks. Here the embryo
gradually increases in size, is endowed with sexual organs in
about two months, and attains its full development in twelve.
Colin introduced fifty immature parasites into a Newfoundland
dog. Eight months afterwards the dog was killed, and eleven
mature parasites, nine males and two females, were found in
the ethmoidal cells and about the turbinated bones. The
males moved about ; the females were fixed by their hooklets
to the pituitary cemihienic and had their copulative sacs
filled with spermatozoa, and their oviducts crammed with
eggs.
“ Symptoms.—As to the symptoms aes by the worm,
whilst. Rudolphi found a dog which he examined perfectly
well, and Dujardin, Miram, Cole etc., make no reference to
any disorder in their cases, on the other hand, Chobart gives
rather a dark account of the effects produced. ‘The animal,’
he says, ‘is subject to convulsions, during which it is violently
agitated, stops short, hits itself on the head, rolls over, rubs
its nose on the ground, and the jaws convulsively champed.
It devours every thing within reach, such as wood, straw, etc.,
discharges a large quantity of saliva, passes urine involun-
taal, and sneezes without ceanine Death sometimes en-
sues.’
“The mucous membrane of the | nose is found to be red,
blackish, ecchymosed, thickened, and ulcerated ; the sinuses
more or less filled with pus; and even the ethmoid bone
sometimes partially carious.
“* Treatment.—Trephine the nostrils and inject with water.
Inhalations of chlorine and tobacco smoke. Chloroform ?”
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 35
ASTHMA (ConGcESsTIVE).
This disease is due to congestion of the mucous membrane
of the bronchial tubes, and chiefly affects aged, highly-fed,
pampered house dogs, and those in the same condition out of
doors.
Predisposing Causes.—Hereditary disposition, indigestion,
gastric and intestinal irritation.
Lxciting Causes.—Sudden changes of temperature ; flatu-
lency ; obstructed pneumonic circulation; large accumula-
tions of fat, especially about the heart and large blood-vessels ;
pungent effluviz, especially ammoniacal : hence dogs contin-
ually kept in foul stables being asthmatical.
Symptoms.—Thick, labored, wheezing respiration ; husky
bark ; distress after exertion, with excessive panting, and
frequently palpitation; Schneiderian membrane injected ;
flatulency and constipation.
Treatment.—Remedial measures can only be adopted with
a view to alleviating the symptoms ; an absolute cure is out
of the question. The digestive organs demand special atten-
tion ; rich food, and that which is likely to produce flatulency
must be strictly avoided. Vegetable charcoal and iron, 1
scruple of the former and ro grains of the latter, made into a
pill and given three times a week, with an occasional olea-
ginous aperient, form as a rule the most effectual medicinal
treatment. If the animal is gross and the breathing difficult,
an ordinary emetic may be administered with benefit ; and to
ensure prolongation of life a gradual reduction of obesity, and
when reduced proportionately a fixed standard maintained,
is most necessary. If out of doors, the dryness, drainage, and
kennel situation are matters of importance. (See “ Kennel
Arrangement.”) ©
36 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG
ASTHMA (Spasmopic)
Differs from the former in that it comes on in paroxysms,
often of almost a tetanic nature, and is usually unaccompanied
by any inflammatory symptoms. It is more amenable to
treatment than the previous form, but is liable to return sud-
denly and without warning.
Predisposing Causes—A previous attack, or hereditary
disposition.
Exciting Causes.—Prolonged dyspepsia ; flatulence ; ante-
rior spinal irritation ; sudden changes of temperanure, irrita;
ting effluvie.
Symptoms.—Sudden and labored respiration, occurring at
intervals ; dry cough during the paroxysm, with or without
expectoration ; exertion frequently produces retching and
vomiting. ;
Treatment,—An emetic at the onset is advisable. I£ the
paroxysms continue, small doses of stimulants should be ad-
ministered, as a teaspoonful of brandy and water, with three
or four drops of spirits of camphor. When the attack occurs
after a meal an aperient is indicated.
The instructions given for the preceding form regarding
diet, will apply to spasmodic asthma. Overloading the
stomach, and exertion after a meal, should especially be
avoided, ;
PLEURISY.-
‘Or inflammation of the investing membrane of the lungs, and
that lining the thoracic cavity, may be associated with pneu-
monia (pleuro-pneumonia) or exist as an independent dis-
ease.
Predisposing Causes.—Debility, disease’ of the lungs, cr
any of the predisposing causes 3 of inflammation,
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS, 37
Exciting Causes. — Cold ; inflammation of neighboring
textures ; injuries, as fracture of, or — penetrating be-
tween or external to, the ribs.
Symptoms.—These generally commence with shivering and
febrile disturbance ; respiration quickened ; the inspiration is
remarkably short, being suddenly interrupted almost imme-
diately the breath is taken ; this is due to the pain caused by
the movement of the ribs in dilatation, or the inflation of the
lungs on and against the pleura ; the abdominal muscles are
in consequence called in to aid respiration, hence the bellows-
like heaving movement at the flank. There is a dry sup-
pressed cough, and the usual indications of fever ; nose hot
and dry, tongue white and slimy, eyes bright and watery,
conjunctival membrane injected, pulse hard, jerking, and
frequent. As these symptoms advance the animal becomes
exceedingly distressed, frequently sitting on his haunches
with the fore legs wide apart; pressure over the ribs causes
acute pain ; ‘the cough is more frequent, the breathing shorter
‘and more difficult, and an anxious, haggard look pervades the
whole countenance.
Terminations. — Resolution, adhesion, effusion, or the
chronic form.
In the lower animals, recovery from acute pleurisy usually
terminates in adhesions, while effusion is generally the fore-
runner of death. When the latter (effusion) takes place, a
considerable and marked alteration is immediately manifested
in the symptoms—the breathing becomes more and more
labored, threatening suffocation ; on auscultation the natural
respiratory murmur is absent so far as the fluid reaches, whilst
above it is considerably increased ; percussion gives a dull dead
sound over the region of effusion ; as the fluid increases the
intercostal spaces become bulged, and towards the latter stage
the dependent parts of the animal are more or less edematous.
The pulse is feeble and quick, and as the end approaches be-
comes imperceptible. _Asphyxia closes the scene.
Post-mortem Examination.—Effusion of serum, with pus,
38 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG,
and bands of lymph across the walls of the chest ; recent
adhesions, and considerable thickening of the pleura, coated
with lymph. ;
Treatment.—Pleurisy, from the acuteness of its character
and rapidity of its progress, demands prompt and active
measures ; bleeding, advocated by other authors, is not, in my
opinion, admissible, or in accordance with the character of
the disease ; which is excessively lowering in itself, and weak-
ening the volume of blood would have a tendency rather to
promote what of all things we should wish to avoid—eftusion
—than check the inflammatory process and prevent its occur-
rence. Purgatives are equally inadmissible, and, of the two,
more dangerous ; for if excessive action of the bowels is ex-
cited in any inflammatory chest affection, it is with the utmost
difficulty it can be checked ; more often is the case, of which
I have had painful experience, that its abatement has not
been accomplished, and death has been hastened thereby.
The remedial measures best adapted to this disease are
diffusible stimulants and counter-irritation.
Spt. Atther. Nit.......... eeenwene awe 2 ounces.
Liq. Ammon. Acetat.. . ........ tna
A teaspoonful every four hours in twice the quantity of
linseed tea for a small dog, and double of each for a large
one.
Counter-irritation may be applied to the chest in the form
of mustard-plasters, ammonia or terebinth embrocation, or
hot linseed-meal poultices. The temperature of the body
should be equalized as much as possible, but dué regard to
the observance of proper ventilation is necessary. Many
persons wrongly imagine that a warm room and the exclusion
of fresh air is equally necessary to the lower animal as to the
higher—a fatal error.
Where the debility rapidly increases, and there is danger
of effusion taking place, tinct. of ferri, 5 to 10 minims, should
“be added to each dose of the stimulant. This, from its con-
stringent power, is undoubtedly one of the best agents we
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 39
have for the prevention of dropsies. Where effusion is pres-
ent the ferri iodidum should be substituted, active counter-
irritation applied to the sides, and a seton may be inserted
with benefit in front of the chest. Itis necessary, however,
.to observe that where the latter measure is adopted, increased
support is needful, from the weakening tendency of the
agent. Where the effusion increases, and the case appears
hopeless unless the fluid is removed, tapping the chest by
means of the insertion of a small trochar between the eighth ’
and ninth ribs may be had recourse to. The operation
affords immediate relief in removing the compression of the
lungs and the displacement of the heart. It is, however, as a
rule, but a temporary respite. Secondary secretion follows,
and usually more rapidly than that which preceded it, and we
may tap again with the same result. There are, nevertheless,
exceptional cases ; in the horse I have seen recovery follow
the operation, and also in the dog.
CHRONIC PLEURISY
May, as I have stated, be a termination of the former, or it
may begin as a chronic affection, 7.2, it may assume a sub-
acute form from the commencement. Pain on the affected
side, cough, increased pulse, and respiration considerably
accelerated by exertion, and more or less fever, are the
symptoms generally present. Effusion or lymph and adhe-
sions are usually present ; as the lymph becomes organized,
the fluid absorbed, and the adhesions firmer, the walls of the
chest become flattened ; dulness on percussion, feebleness of
the respiratory murmur, and an occasional rasping sound
attend this condition. © :
Treatment.—This consists in endeavoring to promote
absorption of the effused fluids, and in giving strength to the i
patient. The sulphate of iron, in from 5 to 15 grains in
40 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
proportion to the size of the animal, with cod-liver oil, forms
the best, and, I have found, the most successful medicinal
treatment.
Mild continued counter-irritation to the sides of the chest
is also advisable. ‘The application of the tincture of iodine,
after first shaving off the hair, is exceedingly useful, and the
insertion of a seton in front of the chest for a month or six
weeks is most valuable.
The diet should be nourishing, and every means adopted
which is calculated to impart vigor.
PNEUMONIA,
Or inflammation of the substance of the lungs, is a complaint
to which dogs are exceedingly liable.
Predisposing Causes.—Hereditary disease, as scrofula or
phthisis, an anemic or plethoric habit of body, sudden and
frequent changes of temperature.
Exciting Causes.—Exposure to cold and damp (especially
in toy or house dogs, frequently washed and not carefully
dried, and who are used to a warm atmosphere), violent ex-
ertion, penetrating lung wounds.
Symptoms.—The stages of pneumonia are usually three:
1st, that of engorgement, or congestion ; 2d, red hepatization;
3d, yellow or grey hepatization, or purulent infiltration.
The early stage is generally ushered in with shiverings,
followed by fever; the pulse is increased, the respiration
becomes quickened, there is an occasional short cough, the
head is extended, the eyes bloodshot, nose hot and dry, ©
tongue protruded and furred, edges of a deep red ; the animal
assumes a sitting posture, with the fore-legs wide apart.
Auscultation reveals a crackling or crepitating sound,
which is circumscribed according to the amount of lung
involved ; this sound obscures to a great extent the respira-
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 41
tory murmur in those portions not diseased, and as the
malady proceeds this murmur becomes quite obliterated, the
crepitus general and more defined, and the other symptoms
all increased in severity.
If the malady is not checked at this stage, it quickly
passes on into the second. The crepitus on auscultation is
absent, and no sound, except it be a slight wheezing or
whistling noise, can be detected ; hepatization has then taken
place, and inflation is but a’cipher. The sound emitted on
percussion at this stage is very characteristic of consolidation,
being flat and dead.
The cough now is frequent, and accompanied with red or
rusty expectoration ; the eyes have a sunken appearances ;
respiration is performed with great effort and pain; the
cheeks are inflatedin the act, nostrils dilated and the general
expression is haggard and pitiful in the extreme. The posi-
tion on the haunches is still maintained, or if changed, it is
but momentarily to stand with the forelegs propped apart to
allow more room for the abdominal muscles to aid respira-
tion. S
When the third stage arrives and suppuration commences
—in other words, when the lung structure breaks down, aus-
cultation discovers a new sound—a bubbling or gurgling
crepitation caused by the passage of air through pus.
On placing the hand flat upon the side, much the same
sensation will be communicated ; it is as though fluid was
boiling underneath, and I have been painfully struck with
this phenomenon both in the human and canine subject. The
appealing look for relief in this stage is most affecting ;
acutely is the weakness of human aid now felt by the atten-
dant—petting, caressing, words of comfort and pity, are all
that he has to dispose of,
The cough is now loose, and accompanied with copious
expectoration ; the mouth and lips are coated with sticky
slime ; the breath has a peculiar foetid, cadaverous odor, and
is taken in short gasps; the ears and extremities are cold
42 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
and clammy ; the pulse is imperceptible, and death closes thi
scene. Such, briefly, may be described as the leadin;
symptoms in the several stages of pneumonia.
Treatment.—Pneumonia admits of no delay in treatment
immediately symptoms of the malady are presented, ou
course must be promptly decided. The same remarks as t
the advisability of bleeding and physic in pleurisy arn
equally as applicable here. Stimulants and counter-irritatior
are decidedly indicated ; in protracted pneumonia the latte:
may be carried to the extent of a cantharidine application
and the seton is especially serviceable ; the necessity o
bodily warmth, the admit.ance of a reasonable amount o
fresh air, and a nutritious diet, must not be forgotten. Iror
and cod-liver oil, after the more active symptoms have abated
will naturally assist in promoting convalescence. It is nov
pretty generally acknowledged that consolidated lung i:
capable of regeneration, and I have had myself practica
experience of that fact. Dr. Chambers observes: “ I have nc
doubt, in my own mind, that the way in which consolidatec
lung recovers is by the exudated fibrin breaking ‘down int
pus, and being expectorated, whilst the obstructed air vesicle:
regain their elasticity and capacity for performing their func
tions. This is a strong argument for an ample supply oi
nutriment during the regenerative process.”
CONSUMPTION.
This decimating disease of mankind extends to the lowe
animals, and dogs are frequently subjects in which its fata
seeds are sown.
Predisposing Causes.— Hereditary taint, close confinement
bad air, unwholesome food, and breeding in and in.
Exciting Causes.—Preceding diseases, as distemper, pneu
monia, catarrh, scrofula, asthma. Sudden changes of tempera
ture, damp habitation.
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 43
Symptoms.—Occasional cough ; short respiration, acceler-
ted during exertion, with increased cough ; failing appetite ;
yss of flesh. As the disease proceeds, profuse expectoration
akes place, the breath becomes feetid, great prostration is
ianifest, the hair falls off, diarrhoea sets in, and the animal
ies much in the same way as our own unfortunate species do.
Treatment.—This can only be adopted so far as the allevia-
ion of suffering and the prolongation of life are concerned:
ure is impossible. In the early stages a seton in the chest,
od-liver oil and iron, nutritious diet, and the avoidance of
xposure to damp and cold, will often arrest the progress of
isease ; in fact, if thus checked early it will assume a quies-
ent state, and remain so for a long time, or even the natural
riod of canine existence.
It is almost needless to add that a dog so affected should
ever be used for breeding purposes.
POLYPUS.
Polypus within the nose is occasionally met with in canine
ractice. At times the tumor is visible externally, protrud-
ag from the nostril ; whilst at others, and when small, it may
ie situated high up and out of sight.
Symptoms.—The animal frequently sneezes, and from the
bstruction to the free passage of air the respiration is stuffy
nd difficult, and if the obstruction has existed some time, is
ccompanied with nasal discharge. Examination reveals the
resence of polypus.
Treatment.—This consists in removal by ligature or for-
eps, and the nostril may be syringed for a few days after-
rards with a weak solution of alum. F
44 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
OZANA,
Though of common occurrence in the horse, is rarely seen in
the dog. The disease consists of a copious and fcetid discharge
from one or both nostrils.
Causes.—Prolonged catarrh, irritation from the presence of
foreign substances in the nasal chambers or frontal sinuses, -
ulceration of the Schneiderian membrane, disease of the tur-
binated bones, unsound teeth.
Symptoms.—Discharge as already described, which may
be continuous or periodical, obstructed breathing having a
rattling sound from the ingress and egress of air through the
said discharge ; frequent sneezing and occasional cough.
Treatment.—The nostrils should be daily syringed with
warm water, and where there is ulceration or diseased bone,
either of the following lotions may be injected:
SAMUI: vss w dens cess s eee we 5 grains.
AGU EiG.s oie bt meaty a adeds a I ounce.
2.—Zinc chloride .................. 5 grains.
AQUA scousseseee sews eayebarey I ounce,
3.—Nitrate of silver................ 5 grains.
PNQUE saison tS T Rha STAR Sa I ounce,
The second recipe, where there is much fcetor, is most
useful.
If the disease proceeds from a diseased tooth, removal will
be at once necessary. If from polypus, the same course must
be adopted.
Mineral tonics, and generous diet and free out-door exer-
cise, are essential adjuncts to the treatment.
CHAPTER III.
DISEASES OF THE MOUTH AND TONGUE.
DENTITION, ~ - ULCERS,
DECAYED TEETH, BLAIN,
TARTAR, PARALYSIS,
CANKER, PHARYNGITIS,
GLOSSITIS, SALIVATION.
‘DENTITION.
ACCORDING to the dentition of the dog by M. Girard and
Linnzus, the following is the acknowledged formula :
1-1
9 43
The following cuts exhibit the front teeth of the dog in
various stages of growth and decay:
Incisors, $ ; canines molars, °° = 42.
46 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG. ©
Fic. 10.
DISEASES OF THE MOUTH AND TONGUE. 47
The full-grown dog has usually twenty teeth in the upper
and. twenty-two in the lower jaw, with two small supernume-
tary molars. All of them, with the exception of the tushes,
are provided with a long neck covered by the gums, and sep-
arating the body of the tooth from the root. The projecting
portion of the teeth is more or less pointed, and disposed so
as to tear and crush the food on which the dog lives. They
are of moderate size when compared with those of other ani-
mals, and are subject to little loss of substance compared
with the teeth of the horse. In most of them, however, there
is some alteration of form and substance, both in the incisors
and the tushes ; but this depends so much on the kind of food
on which the animal lives, and the consequent use of the
teeth, that the indication of the age by the altered appearance
of the mouth is not to be depended upon after the animal is
four or five years old. The incisor teeth are six in number
in each jaw, arid are placed opposite to each other. In the
lower jaw, the pincers, or central teeth, are the largest and
the strongest ; the middle teeth are somewhat less, and the
corner teeth the smallest and the weakest. In the upper jaw,
however, the corner teeth are much larger than the middle
ones ; they are further apart from their neighbors, and they
terminate in a conical point, curved somewhat inwards and
backwards.
As long as the teeth of the full-grown dog are whole, and
not injured by use, they have a healthy appearance, and their
color is beautifully white. The surface of the incisors pre-
sents, as in the ruminants, an interior and cutting edge, and a
hollow or depression within. This edge or border is divided
into three lobes, the largest and most projecting forming the
summit or point of the tooth. The two lateral lobes have the
appearance of notches cut on either side of the principal lobe,
and the union of the three resembles the /Zeur de “is, which,
however, is in the process of time effaced by the wearing out
of the teeth. (Figs. 6 and 7.)
While the incisors are young they are flattened on their
48 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
sides, and bent somewhat backwards, and there is a decided
cavity, in which a pulpy substance is enclosed. This, how-
ever, is gradually contracted as the age of the dog increases,
“M. F. Cuvier speaks of certain supernumerary teeth occa-
sionally developed in each of the jaws. There: is much
irregularity accompanying them, and they have. even been
supposed to have extended to seven or eight in number.”—
Youatt.
The following notes are extracted from Professor Simonds’
lecture on this subject :—‘ The dog at birth, as a rule, has no
teeth, but if we examine the gums we may plainly see the out-
line of them, and easily count the number, and the same ap-
plies to the molars. When about one month old the tem-
porary teeth seem to be all complete, and cut through the ~
gums. After that period very little is to be observed, except
the growth of them. In the course of a very short time the
temporary teeth may be observed giving way. It is difficult
to say which permanent ones come first, but he (Professor
Simonds), from his observations, believes the corner incisors
and tushes do so, and not unfrequently it is the same with
the temporary ones. The cutting of the permanent teeth
commences at the age of four months, and at about six
months the animal generally has them all, and at eighteen
months dentition is complete. Perhaps up to about a year old
there is not much difficulty in telling the age of the dog. If
properly kept the teeth will be sharp and white, without wear,
because if fed on soft food they would be preserved much
longer (?); while on the other hand, if the meal consists of
bones and hard food, they will be worn away much sooner,
and seeing these things, we must judge accordingly. At
three years old, as a rule, they will present a worn surface ;
beyond this we have nothing more to guide us.”
DISEASES OF THE MOUTH AND TVONGUE. 49
DECAYED TEETH.
Sound teeth are essential to the comfort, health, and
pleasurable companionship of the dog as they are to man-
kind. Unfortunately, however, in our canine friends these
useful agents are liable to become decayed, and the once
nursed pet is, by the fcetor of his breath, rendered offensive,
and ordered to a distance.
Decayed teeth are the cause of many diseases, especially
of the mouth and digestive organs. Painful swellings, ab-
scesses and sinuses of the cheek, structural changes in the
jaw-bone—leading to tumor, laceration of the tongue, canker,
constitutional irritation, indigestion, and intestinal disease.
There can be no doubt that the dog at times is a martyr
to toothache, the slobbering manner in which he partakes of
_his food, and often his refusal to do so, with the head held on
one side, denote this to the observant eye.
Decayed teeth ate dependent, to a great extent, upon the
system of feeding (see “ Feeding”). They should at all times
be removed. Occasional hemorrhage will follow extraction.
In such a case a little cotton wool steeped in tincture of
myrth, iron, or solution of alum, and packed in the cavity,
will have the desired effect of arresting it.
TARTAR.
The deposit of tartar on the teeth is likewise prejudicial to
health, and is usually the result of injudicious feeding and
gastric derangement.
The accumulation, especial. in aged dogs, is often very
considerable. In consequence of the irritation produced on
the gums, they become congested, swollen, and spongy, the
teeth loosen and decay, the breath is disgustingly foetid, and
constitutional disease follows such a condition if long main-
4
50 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG,
tained. Teeth so affected should be “scaled,” and after-
wards brushed with soap and water and a little charcoal, or a
few drops of simple tincture of myrrh.
The repetition of deposit may frequently be prevented,
by allowing the animal occasionally large bones to gnaw.
The food must be plain, not stimulating ; luxuries are es-
pecially to be avoided ; a mild dose of aperient medicine, and
subsequently a little iron and quinine, will aid in restoring
‘tone to the system. :
CANKER.
Canker of the mouth is a result of the foregoing affec-
tions ; it is exceedingly painful, and, if long neglected, very
troublesome.
Symptoms.—The gum is congested, swollen and spongy,
and bleeds on the least pressure. Abscesses not unfre-
quently form on the jaw, and discharge disgustingly fetid
pus ; hematoid granulations follow, and the poor animal is
reduced, from inability through pain to lap or masticate, to a
mere skeleton, while a considerable amount of inflammatory
fever is present.
Treatment.—This primarily consists in the removal of the
cause. ‘Rotten stumps, loose or over-crowded teeth, should
be extracted ; if necrosis of the bone is present, that likewise
must be removed. Small doses of alterative medicine daily,
for a few days, should follow. The food should be soft,
nutritious and plain ; animal food is, for a time, best avoided.
The following gargle will have a beneficial effect on the
condition of the gums:
PALIN occu tach a eda inane eae Bechara 10 grains.
Tinet. Myrrh Co. 2... ... 0.6.0.2 cee ¥% drachm.
p NCI ACETIC esas cca nuelan wands speed . | me
QUA aucrti crs slotline x ater eaeBie oasis es 6 ounces,
A little to be used twice a day.
DISEASES OF THE MOUTH AND TONGUE. 5r
AFFECTIONS OF THE TONGUE.
GLOSSITIS.
Dogs are very liable to injuries of the tongue, resulting in
severe inflammatory action of its membrane or substance
(glossitis). This frequently occurs from its being bitten dur-
ing an attack of epilepsy, in devouring sharp substances, or
from irritation and laceration produced from broken teeth,
stings, or the contact of acrid matters.
Symptoms.—Pain, swelling, increased salivation, difficulty
of deglutition, intense thirst, and more or less constitutional
disturbance.
Treatment.—Warm fomentations, scarification, or, if pos-
sible, the application of leeches—which in small dogs, when
gagged, is not difficult. If from the teeth, filing or removal.
A dose of aperient medicine should be administered, and the
food consist of warm slops.
ULCERS.
These usually arise from excessive deposit of tattar on, or
decay of, the teeth, or from gastric derangement.
Treatment.—If from tartar, the teeth should be scaled ; if
from decay, removed. Where they are due to gastric de-
rangement, aperient medicine, with restricted plain diet, must
be prescribed. If the ulcers do not disappear under ‘this
treatment, they may be occasionally touched with lunar
caustic.
BLAIN,
Or enlargement of the tongue, with the presence of vesicles
on its lateral and under surface, is a disease to which the
52 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
lower animals are very subject. The dog, however, is not so
in proportion to horses'and oxen. Blain is more frequent in
spring and autumn, and often assumes an epidemic form.
Symptoms.—These come on suddenly, without any trace-
able cause or warning. The tongue is considerably swollen
and red, and has the appearance of being engorged with
blood ; its sides and under surface are studded with large
livid vesicles. The salivary secretion is considerably in-
creased, and rapidly changes from its normal character to a
purulent, bloody, and fcetid discharge, due to the formation
of unhealthy or gangrenous ulcers at the base of the vesicles.
Treatment.—In the earlier stages the malady will gener-
ally yield to aperient medicine, and astringent washes-to the
mouth. When the disease has become advanced, ulcers suc-
ceed the vesicles, and a fcetid. discharge accompanies them.
A weak solution of chloride of-zinc should be used to the
mouth, and the ulcers occasionally touched with. nitrate. of
silver.
Tonics are the most suitable medicinal agents.
Herr Sulphisesc.ss0t ves aulains \ aa 5 to 10 grains.
ZINBID: - scyntewnccie gum negeaeaeny sss
Dread eincg exien- cic citeos sacanges'es Sufficient.
One pill to be given twice a day.
o 2 Or,
Tinct. Ferri Mur.............. we
tee Ge 30-dispa..
G AAQU Aero h ntanetrde Heats Yemen sac ’ x ounce.
A teaspoonful twice a day ; double for a large dog.
*The food should be soft, and chiefly liquid, owing to the
soreness of the mouth, |
PARALYSIS OF THE TONGUE.
A partial paralysis of the tongue is not. unfrequent in
dogs, and particularly those of the bull breed. In some this
DISEASES. OF THE MOUTH AND TONGUE. 53
lolling side protrusion is a congenital deformity ; but it more
often occurs from injury, long-continued chorea, or debility.
Symptoms.—The organ hangs generally from one side of
the mouth. Its condition rarely interferes with lapping, but
it gives rise to other undesirable results. From its protru-
sion and long exposure to air it becomes dry, coated with fur,
more or less indurated, and is, to say the least of it, un-
sightly. -
Treatment.—If the paralysis be of recent date, nux vomica
1 to 2 grains, and ferri sulph. 5 to ro grains, twice daily, will
often, if not absolutely remove it, considerably reduce it.
Where the affection has been of long existence, the same
treatment is still applicable, with the addition of a small
seton in the submaxillary space ; but the latter cases are far
from satisfactory ones to deal with. The tongue should be
frequently placed back in the mouth, and, if possible, kept
there for a time ; this will tend to prevent, to a considerable
extent, the condition named from its long exposure to air.
The diet is best composed of slops, and these should be
placed within reach of the animal, so that he may lap when-
ever inclination prompts him.
PHARYNGITIS.
Inflammation of the pharynx, unassociatea with other dis-
ease, is of rare occurrence in the dog. It is usually due to
an immediate exciting cause—as the lodgment of some for-
eign body, or contact of acrid and irritating substances.
Symptoms.—A. dry, irritable cough, such as would lead
ene to suppose an effort was being made to dislodge some
irritant matter. The membrane has a congested and swollen
appearance; there is considerable difficulty in deglutition,
and the act, or attempt to perform it, is followed with retch-
ing. The throat is sensitive to external pressure, and cough
is easily excited by it. ,
54 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
If the disease proceeds, a purulent discharge takes place
from the nostrils, the salivary secretion is increased, and con-
siderable constitutional disturbance follows.
Pharyngitis may terminate in resolution, ulceration, and
abscess, or pharyngeal stricture.
Treatment.—In the first place, it is necessary to ascertain
the cause. If it arises from the presence of a foreign body,
its removal at once is indicated ; and the same will apply to
the contact of acrid or irritating substances. External fomen-
tations with warm water, or the application of linseed poul-
tices, and the exhibition of bland, warm drinks, should form
the after treatment. 2
If the inflammatory action has a tendency to become
chronic, a weak solution of nitrate of silver is the best local
application, particularly if there is ulceration ; and tonics, par-
ticularly iron and quinine, are the most suitable medicinal
agents, :
Pharyngeal abscess is generally denoted by a fluctuating
tense swelling, with difficulty in swallowing. The head is
carried stiffly, and the nose poked out. Treatment consists
in the evacuation of the matter with the lance or trochar.
Pharyngeal stricture usually proceeds from protracted in-
flammatory action ; and is manifested by repeated attempts
at deglutition, with considerable difficulty in performing the act
when eating food, particularly solid matter. Treatment, as in
other strictures, is by dilatation. The food should be fluid and
unstimulating.
SALIVATION.
Salivation, when unassociated with any local affections of ©
the mouth or neighboring structures, is usually an indication of
mercurialism. Unfortunately for the canine race, mercury, in
some one of its compounds, whether for internal or external
use, forms one of the pet remedies of ‘dog doctors,” The
DISEASES OF THE MOUTH AND TONGUE. 55
red and green iodides are especial favorites for external use,
and for diseases often requiring very opposite treatment these
preparations are prescribed. To wit, skin diseases—all of
which in the vocabulary of the quack are mange. While for
alterative, aperient, or emetic purposes, calomel is used most
indiscreetly.
_Symptoms.—In mercurialism, the salivary secretion is un-
usually abundant, the teeth are loose and discolored, the gums
spongy, swollen, and tender, and of a deep red, often,approach-
ing a purple hue. The breath is singularly foetid ; the tongue
loaded with brown fur, and red down the sides. There is
little appetite, but excesstve thirst.
Sloughing and ulceration of the mucous membrane of the
mouth frequently follow, and if the mercurial doses have been
excessive the stomach and intestines are in a like manner
affected, resulting in blood-stained vomits and sanguinary
purging. ,
If suitable measures are not taken to check these effects,
considerable irritative fever is established. Extreme debility
follows, the hair falls off, the animal becomes rapidly emaci-
ated, tremulous, and paralytic, and dies in convulsions or
delirium. Not unfrequently the face is considerably swollen,
and the joints are hot and tender. Mercurialism also gives
rise to a species of eczema (eczema mercuriale). See “Skin
Diseases.”
Treatment.—The most effectual antidotes for poisoning by
mercury are albuminous compounds, the white of eggs being
perhaps the best, especially in the case of corrosive subli-
mate.
Christison,writing on the subject, observes : “It has already
been “hinted that albumen, in the form of white of eggs beat
up with water, impairs or destroys the corrosive properties of
bichloride of mercury, by decomposing it, and producing an
insoluble mercurial compound.. For this discovery, and the
establishment of albumen as an antidote, medicine is indebted
to Professor Orfila. He has related many satisfactory experi-
.
56 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE’ DOG.
ments in proof of its virtues. The following will serve as an
example of the whole. Twelve grains of corrosive sublimate
were given to a little dog, and allowed to act for eight minutes,
so that its usual effects might fairly begin before the antidote
was administered. White of eight eggs was then given ; after
several fits of vomiting the animal became apparently free
from pain; and in five days it was quite well.* Accord-
ing to Peschier, the white of one egg is required to render
four grains of the poison innocuous.| The experiments
of the Parisian toxicologist have been repeated and con-
firmed by others, and particularly by Schloepfer ; who found
that when a dose was given to a rabbit sufficient to kill it
in seven minutes if allowed to act uncontrolled, the adminis-
tration of albumen, just as the signs of uneasiness appeared,
prevented every serious symptom. Dr. Samuel Wright has
found that if the administration of albumen is followed up by
giving some astringent decoction or infusion, the beneficial
effects are more complete, because the compound formed is
less soluble in an access of albumen. Albumen is chiefly use-
ful in the early stage of poisoning with corrosive sublimate,
and is particularly called for when vomiting does not take
place. But it further appears to be an excellent demulcent in
the advanced stages.”
Five or six parts of fresh gluten, in 50 parts of a solution
of soft soap, has been found also a successful antidote, and
where neither albumen nor gluten is at hand, milk is'a con-
venient and useful substitute. Iron filings, the protosulphuret
of iron, meconic acid, and charcoal, have each been advocated
as mercurial antidotes.
“The treatment of mercurial salivation consists in exposure
to a cool, pure air, nourishing diet, and purgatives, if the in-
testinal canal is not already irritated. In some of the inflam-
matory affections it induces, venesection is required, in others
it is hurtful. In some complaints induced by mercury, as in
* Toxicologie Général, i. 313.
}{ Corvisart’s Journal :de Médecine, xxxviii. 77
DISEASES OF THE MOUTH AND TONGUE. S7
iritis, the poison appears to be its own antidote, for nothing
checks the inflammation so soon and so certainly as mercurial
salivation.
“ Dr. Finlay, of the United States, proposed to check mer-
curial salivation by small doses of tartar emetic frequently
repeated, so as to act on the skin;* and Mr. Daniel has rec-
ommended large doses of the acetate of lead as an effectual
antidote for the same purpose.
“Dr. Klose, a German physician, says he has found iodine
to possess the property of arresting the effects of mercury on‘
the mouth.t The iodide of potassium is generally acknowl-
edged to be one of the best remedies for eradicating the
constitutional infirmities left in many by severe courses of
mercury.”
* Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xxix. 218.
t Lond. Med. Repos. N. S., vi. 368.
+ Lond. Med. Gazette, 1836-37, ii. 144.
CHAPTER IV.
DISEASES OF THE STOMACH.
INDIGESTION, GASTRITIS,
VOMITING, INVERSION,
- WORMS, CALCULI IN THE STOMACH,
HUSK, FOREIGN BODIES.
INDIGESTION.
THE stomach of the dog is not so liable to disease as might
be expected, considering the source from which at times he
derives his sustenance (see “‘ Feeding’), the morbid appetite
that prompts him to devour strange and unnatural substances,
the long fasts he frequently endures, and the “get what you
can” rule of diet. Nevertheless he is subject, and some dogs
more than others, to the diseases mentioned in this chapter,
one of the most frequent of which is dyspepsia or indigestion,
_the causes operating in its production being much the same as
in ourselves. Long fasts, innutritious and indigestible food,
disease of the digestive organs, imperfect mastication, defi-
ciency in the biliary, gastric, or salivary secretions, want of
exercise, and suspension in the alvine evacuations.
Symptoms.—F latulency, acrid eructations, constipation or
diarrhoea, fulness of the abdomen, spasmodic pains, depres-.
sion, loss of appetite, dry furred tongue, thirst, often increased
(58)
DISEASES OF THE STOMACH. 59
salivary secretion, vomiting, and occasionally cough. (See
“ Husk.”)
Zreatment.—The system of feeding generally requires our
first attention where the complaint is due to over-feeding,
which is frequently the case with toy-dogs. Starvation for a
day, followed by a spare diet, and an aperient draught, will
usually effect a cure. Or again, if the animal has been kept
on one kind of food for a considerable period, given in excess,
and that kind has been either too stimulating, or innutritious
and indigestible, a correction and modification must be ob-
served.
If owing to imperfect mastication, from the presence of
loose, broken, or decayed teeth, their removal is indicated.
Where we have reason to believe the ailment is due to defi-
ciency in the biliary, gastric, or salivary secretion—which the
stools being of a clay color, dry in consistency, and containing
undigested matter, will denote, care should be taken that the
meal is not excessive, the water not stinted, and the food
plain and easy of digestion.
Constipation may be relieved in the first instance by a dose
of castor-oil, followed, if necessary, with enemas. Diarrhoea
generally proceeds from the presence of undigested matter in
the intestinal tract, and castor-oil is here also applicable.
Acrid eructations and flatulency are best treated with small
doses of bicarbonate of soda and charcoal, ten grains of the
former and one scruple of the latter, given in a little water or
made into a bolus, administered after meals.
Indigestion usually requires a moderate and ‘plain diet ;
lime-water and milk, with simple biscuit or bread, form the
most suitable, until the digestive organs have assumed a
healthy tone. Fatty and, asa rule, vegetable matters should
be for a time avoided. Exceptional cases are those arising
from general debility. In such the food must be nourishing,
and small doses of ferri and cod-liver oil will materially assist
in restoring the animal to a healthy condition, Daily exercise
should be insisted on,
60 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
VOMITING.
The stomach of the dog is peculiarly liable to reflex
peristaltic action. Vomition in this animal is perhaps more
easily excited than in any other of the lower species. We
have abundant proof of this in the administration of med-
icines, and in common observance during exercise, when their
instinct teaches them to seek what is termed “ dog-grass,” the
effect of which after swallowing is quickly manifested.
Vomiting may be a symptom of disease, the result of an
overloaded stomach, or the presence of irritating matters
within it or applied to the fauces, or it may take place from
cesophagal obstruction. Worms are a very frequent cause of
vomition. (See “ Worms.’’)
The vomit may consist of mucus, bile, blood, or food
mingled with other offending matters.
Vomiting is medicinally induced by agents termed
“emetics,” the favorite one being tartarized antimony—and
a dangerous one it is when given injudiciously. Fortunately, .
however, the dog’s stomach, as previously observed, quickly
responds to its call, and it is for the most part thrown off ;
otherwise dogs would by quacks be killed by the score. If
his more unfortunate companion, the horse, were equally
capable of performing the same act, antimony would speedily
cease to exist in the never-failing condition-powders of the
groom and chemist. For all ordinary purposes, plain warm
water or water in which (if immediate action be desired) a
little salt and mustard is mixed, is sufficient ; in fact, I have
readily produced vomiting with the latter, when I have failed
with antimony. The treatment of vomiting must be directed
to the cause, °
DISEASES OF THE STOMACH. 61
WORMS IN THE STOMACH.
Dogs are frequently troubled with worms in the stomach.
Their presence gives rise to severe gastric disturbance, and is
often productive of convulsions and death.
Symptoms.—Those usually presented are constant retching
and vomiting, fetid breath, a dry, husky cough, intestinal
irregularity, pains resembling those of colic, large appetite,
more or less emaciation. Occasionally cerebral symptoms
are also manifest. (See “ Epilepsy.”)
The worms usually present are the ascaris marginata, or
margined round worm.
For further particulars, see chapter on “Internal Para-
sites.” :
Treatment.—I have generally found ol. terebinth, from a .
teaspoonful upwards, in proportion to the size of the dog,
mixed with plain or castor oil—if with the former, then fol-
lowed by the latter—to be effective. The dose may be re-
peated in three days, if necessary.
HUSK.
Dogs are frequently affected with gastric catarrh, or what
is commonly called Awsk. It is sometimes associated with
distemper, but it more frequently exists as an independent
affection, the result of severe indigestion or exposure to damp
and cold.
Symptoms.—Like other catarrhal diseases, there is in-
creased secretion of mucus, with more or less congestion of
its membrane lining the stomach, attended with the usual
febrile symptoms. Nose hot and dry; injection of the visible
mucous membranes, particularly the conjunctiva; furred
tongue, increased pulse and respiration ; abdominal pain,
62 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
with retching, vomiting, and constipation. A dry, husky
cough (hence the term) is usually present, and is accompanied,
as the malady proceeds, by a frothy tenacious expectoration,
which the animal struggles to free itself from. Unless
checked the catarrh extends to the intestines, giving rise to a
violent form of diarrhoea, followed by rapid emaciation and
death.
Treatment.—The affection generally yields soonest to
tonics combined with opiates.* The following pill I have
found most serviceable :
Opium........ 1 to 3 grains, in proportion to the dog’s size.
Ferri Sulph....5 to 10 grains, ditto.
One to be given twice daily.
In protracted cases I prescribe the nux vomica, in com-
bination with iron, and find it attended with excellent results,
When the abdominal pain is severe, counter-irritation or
hot linseed-meal poultices to the region of the stomach afford
great relief.
Constipation is best removed with salad oil and enemas.
Ordinary purgatives are injurious and dangerous.
The food should consist of mucilaginous liquids, owing to
the sensitive condition of the stomach. Solid and indigest-
ible matters are very prejudicial. Milk, rendered alkaline
with lime-water, should be given the patient to lap, in lieu of
plain water. Exposure to cold and damp must be avoided,
and the return to ordinary food and life gradually introduced
as convalescence advances.
When the intestines become involved and diarrhcea sets
in, much care will be required to prevent a fatal termination,
Astringents, combined with opiates, should be used :
OPT eat date eregdes todas cota anys ‘ :
TanniG: Acid ecco ea vecisine dency dea aa Tan
§ Gamgee (“Our Domestic Animals”) prescribes dilute hydrocyanic
acid in doses from two to three drops given in water or a little wine; and
he remarks, that in that stage of the disease when considerable prostra-
tion is observed, he has seen great good from the occasional administra-
tion of wine and spirits of nitric ether.
LCISEASES OF THE STOMACH. . 63
Administered every four hours in a little water, or what is
serviceable in scm : cases, brandy and water, with a few drops
of chlorodyne. a
Counter-irritation to the abdomen; starch and sedative
enemas ; and strengthening, mucilaginous food are also im-
portant adjuncts in the treatment.
A common and apparently simple form of husk is fre-
quently met with in dogs, particularly terriers, which I have
generally attributed to the presence of worms in the stomach,
and treatment accordingly has always removed it.
GASTRITIS.
Acute inflammation of the stomach is in the dog, compar-
atively speaking, of rare occurrence.
The mucous membrane lining the organ is generally alone
involved in the inflammatory process, unless an exceptional
cause arises, as the presence of some powerful irritant or cor-
rosive matter. It will then be extended to the other coats.
Acute Gastritis quickly runs its course. The terminations
are resolution, suppuration, gangrene.
Causes.—Sudden cold to the mucous membrane of the
stomach, when the body is heated ; a continued course. of
stimulating food ; the presence of acrid matters or irritating
poisons, as arsenic, antimony, corrosive sublimate, croton oil,
turpentine, etc. Mechanical injuries from sharp substances ;
external violence, as kicks, blows, crushes, etc. ; polypi, tu-
mors, calculi.
Symptoms.— Vomiting is generally an early symptom in gas-
tritis, and is prominent throughout the disease. ‘The bowels
are either obstinately constipated or relaxed. Considerable
febrile disturbance is naturally present—the nose being hot
and dry, breathing accelerated, pulse small and quick, mucuos
membranes injected, tongue hot and furred, and intense thirst.
The animal usually lies flat on his side, or stretched out
64 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG,
full length on the belly, on the coldest spot he is able to find.
A moan or pitiful whine is given utterance to from time to
time, and the expression of the face is indicative of pain.
As the disease proceeds the countenance becomes exceed-
ingly anxious, the moans more frequent, and the search for
relief continuous. Severe rigors, cold extremities, sunken
eye, a rapid and almost imperceptible pulse, sudden cessa-
tion of pain, denote that gangrene has set in, and the poor
sufferer dies gradually and quietly or in delirium.
A post-mortem examination reveals intense redness, either in
patches or diffused, of the mucous membrane, with softening
of its structure and sometimes sloughing. If the disease has _
been caused by the action of some corrosive agent, perfora-
tion of all the coats of the stomach, with extensive sloughing,
will generally be found.
Treatment.—The less the patient is disturbed the better.
In the early stages leeches may be applied over the region of
the stomach. Cold water should be allowed ad /bitum, for
nothing is more grateful to the sufferer and so easily retained
in the stomach, which, it must ever be borne in mind, is ex-
ceedingly sensitive under all conditions. Nourishment is
best administered in the form of mucilaginous drinks, as
barley-water, arrowroot, or broth thickened with isinglass or
rice. Such matters, being bland, have the double effect. of
soothing and protecting the irritated mucous membrane, and
giving to the patient at the same time the support required.*
* Ballard observes : “In prescribing « diet in over-sensitive conditions of
the stomach, it must be recollected that the food which comes into contact
with the interior of the organ is to be regarded much in the same light as .
a local application made to tender parts of the body; and as we should
avoid bringing in contact with the latter any but bland and unirritating
dressings, so with the former a similar principle must guide us, and we
must select such matters only, and in such quantities as, while they are
fitted to sustain the body, would be unirritating if applied to an external
sore, and which experience has shown may be used, introduced into the
sensitive stomach without producing pain or distress.
“Tn inflammatory and ulcerative eensthions of the stomach, adnate the
DISEASES OF THE STOMACH. 65
With regard to medicinal agents, opium, from 3 to 10
grains, is the best agent for allaying an irritated or sensitive
condition of the stomach, and also in checking diarrhcea.
Constipation is most safely overcome with tepid water ene-
mas. The return to solid food should be gradual, and that
which is given easy of digestion and plain. —
Chronic or Sub-acute Gastritis is much more frequently met
with in dogs than the former.
Causes.—Protracted dyspepsia, constipation, unwholesome
and indigestible food, or it may be a sequel to acute gastritis.
Symptoms.—Tenderness over the region of the stomach,
frequent eructations, vomiting after meals, furred tongue,
bowels usually constipated, and often there is a dry cough.
Treatment.—Bicarbonate of soda and charcoal as advised
in indigestion, an occasional aperient of aloes and rhubarb,
with the same description of food named in the preceding
form of the disease, are the measures to be adopted.
INVERSION OF THE STOMACH.
This is of rare occurrence in the dog, perhaps more so
than might have been expected, considering the frequency of
and susceptibility to vomiting.
From the “Abstract of the Proceedings of the Veterinary Medi-
cal Association for 1838-9.”
“Mr. Ainslie laid before the Association a singular speci-
tenderness of the stomach is more due to the extent and severity of these
lesions than to the exalted impressibility of the nervous system, the diet
must often be exceedingly rigid, being limited to some of the most bland
and soft or liquid articles of, ‘food, such as milk, arrowroot, gruel or beef-tea,
which can sometimes only be tolerated when given in the smallest quan-
tities at a time, such as a tablespoonful or a teaspoonful. In cases in
which acidity prevails, one-third part of lime-water is advantageously
added. When these small quantities are given, they must be repeated
every ten or twenty minutes with occasional longer intervals, and if insuffi-
cient to support the patient, injections of good beef-tea must, in addition,
be thrown into the rectum.”
oe:
66 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
men of inversion of the stomach in a dog. The patient was
three or four years old. He had for several months been
subject to occasional vomiting, but this had of late become
more frequent. He (Mr. Ainslie) attributed it to the treat.
- ment of the animal when under distempter. The disease
had assumed its severest form, and large doses of calomel
had been administered. From that time he had had fits of
vomiting, sometimes without any evident cause, and generally
after a hearty meal, and always if he took exercise after a
meal. There was also, to the great annoyance of the owner,
a continual discharge of viscid saliva from the corners of
‘the mouth, and more or less blood accompanied every act
of vomiting. The owner did not seem to suspect the real
origin of this nuisance.
“On the first of the month he appeared to be as well as
usual. In the evening he cleanly picked a bone for his sup-
per, and after that came a fit of vomiting. He lay quiet
during the night, and in the morning began to vomit mucus
mixed with blood. This continued during the day ; the dog
rapidly lost strength, and died in the evening. The blood
retained its fluid state, mixed with mucus and saliva. When,
on the following morning, he opened the dog and began to
feel for the stomach, no viscus of that kind was to be found
in the abdomen. He then opened the thorax, and there he
perceived a considerable enlargement of the cesophagus. At
first sight it seemed to be a tumor attached to the parietes of
that tube, but on closer examination the cesophagus was evi-
dently dilated by some large soft body within it. He cut
into it, and drew from it the stomach, inverted, and its mucus
coat in the highest possible state of inflammation. The whole
of the villous tunic was charged with congested blood. The di-
latation of the cesophagus commenced even from the pharynx,
and had probably existed for a considerable time. The food,
or some portion of it, probably remained in this dilated por-
tion of the cesophagus, and slowly passed into the stomach,
and that might account for the frequent vomitings an hour
DISEASES OF THE STOMACH. 67
or two after feeding, especially if the dog had taken any ex-
ercise.”
CALCULI IN THE STOMACH.
These calculi are exceedingly rare in the dog. They differ
but little in appearance and character from those found in
other portions of the viscera, being chiefly composed of the
phosphates of lime and magnesia intermixed with organic
matter, and having a smooth glistening surface.
Medicinal treatment, particularly acids, would be more
likely to have a direct influence on them, by coming in actual
contact with them, than in renal or vesicular calculi.
FOREIGN BODIES.
The stomach of the dog is frequently the receptacle for
strange substances, some interesting cases of which are re-
corded by Youatt.
The presence of hair, straw, wood, stones, dung, and such
like, though usually found in rabies, are not to be taken
always as an infallible sign of that disease. , ;
The partaking of the latter (dung) is a frequent and dis-
gusting habit with young dogs, apparently in perfect health.
in unkennelled animals it is rarely seen, and would therefore
appear to a great extent to depend upon the denial of suffi- -
cient liberty, and the contraction of morbid tastes through
confinement and injudicious management. Hunger and filth
play a prominent part in creating such tastes.
CHAPTER V.
DISEASES OF THE BOWELS.
CONSTIPATION, COLIC,
DIARRHEA, ENTERITIS,
DYSENTERY, PERITONITIS,
INTUS-SUSCEPTION, PILES,
HERNIA, PROLAPSUS ANI,
WORMS, FISTULA IN ANO.
CONSTIPATION.
Tue dog has a natural tendency to constipation, the evac-
uations being usually dry and solid, and attended with more
or less straining; nevertheless, as Mr. Youatt correctly ob-
serves, ‘ Costiveness is a disease when it becomes habitual,”
and to prevent such an occurrence due attention.to the causes
is requisite. Constipation is dependent to a great extent on
the food, especially an over supply of bones or other dry mat-
ter: confinement, and denial of exercise, have a like result,
and the fear of a breach of cleanly habits with house-dogs has
an equal tendency to produce it. Constipation may occur
from a deficiency in the intestinal secretion, or impaired per-
istaltic action, as in chorea, paralysis, or tetanus, or from piles
and fistula. ;
Symptoms.—The symptoms of constipation are usually
denoted by the character of the stool, and ‘the difficulty and
pain ne reeuatne it; where constipation is long and pro-
DISEASES OF THE BOWELS. 69
tracted, there are indigestion, retching, vomiting, and from
the long retention of the excrement, excessively foul breath.
Ultimately, colicky pains come on, the animal increases his
efforts to evacuate, and yells in the endeavor: the impaction
at last becomes so considerable as to push out the anus, and
give it the appearance of a tumor.
| Lreatment.—I agree with Mr. Youatt that “a dog should
never be suffered to remain costive more than a couple of
days,” after the expiration of which we should first of all en-
deavor to remove the impaction with warm water injection.
If the faecal matter is considerable and unusually hard, the
finger, previously oiled, should be gently insinuated, and the
mass therewith’ broken down, when, followed by the enema,
evacuation will generally take place. A mild dose of castor-
oil may be afterwards administered ; this, however, is not often
called for, and the frequent use of purgatives has a tendency
rather to produce than remove constipation.
Diet.—The recurrence of constipation may be avoided by
judicious feeding. Dogs fed on oatmeal porridge occasion-
ally mixed with paunch, potatoes, or green vegetables, rarely
suffer from it.. Daily exercise, if only for a short time, is alse
essential.
DIARRHEA,
Or the profuse evacuation of liquid faeces, is an alvine condi-
tion to which dogs of all ages, but more particularly puppies,
are very liable.
’ Causes.—Pre-existing intestinal disease, putrid and indi-
gestible food, undigested matter, acrid bile, worms, congestion
or inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bowels ;
abuse of purgatives, particularly aloes and calomel ; sudden
change of diet, especially from plain to rich food ; excess of
animal matter. Diarrhoea is frequently associated with dis-
temper ; for further information regarding this connection,
7o THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
see “Distemper.” Badly drained kennels and accumulation
of filth are also fruitful causes. Sucking puppies are often
affected through the milk being too rich and stimulating, and -
creating acidity.
Treatment.—The treatment of diarrhoea in its early stage
is exceedingly simple. A mild dose of castor-oil, to remove
the irritant, and bland, mucilaginous food without solids, will
generally effect a cure. Many people mistakenly rush to
cordials and astringents at the onset, and thereby check, or
attempt to do so, the véry process nature is exercising to rid
herself of the offending matter.
If there is reason to suspect worms as the cause, one of the
remedies for their expulsion should be adopted. (See “ Worms.”)
If from acrid bile, which vomiting and the character of the
vomit will denote, a mild aloetic purge, succeeded, if not re-
lieved, by the hyd. cum crete in 3 to 5 grain doses, will be of
the greatest service. Warm rice-water injections, in which, if
there is much pain, a few drops of laudanum are mingled, will
afford considerable relief. Where the complaint results from
pre-existing intestinal disease, and the above remedies fail to
check it, 1 grain of opiumand 5 of sulphate of copper may be
given twice or three times a day, and starch enemas should be
had recourse to. Chlorodyne, 5 to 10 drops in a teaspoonful -
or two of brandy and water is also very efficacious.
Where the complaint occurs in unweaned puppies, it is
usually due, as already named, to acidity, and is best treated,
through the mother, with carbonate of soda or lime-water.
The animal during the attack should be kept warm.
Diet.—This should consist of bland, mucilaginous food, as
mutton broth, thickened with isinglass, or rice or barley-water,
slightly chilled.
Cleanliness of the external parts should be strictly observed,
and the bedding kept dry. -
€
DISEASES OF THE BOWELS. qi
DYSENTERY,
Or inflammation of the intestinal mucous membrane, chiefly
of the large bowels, succeeded by ulceration and hemorrhage,
is a much more serious complaint than the former. Dysen-
tery differs from diarrhoea in that the discharge is unaccom-
panied by any faecal matter, except, from time to time, small
dark indurated lumps. ;
Causes.—Protracted and severe diarrhcea, putrid and un-
wholesome food, vitiated bile, intense heat, and foul smells.
Symptoms.—Dysentery may be ushered in with rigors,
general febrile excitement, and offensive evacuation ; or be
preceded by flatulency, constipation, colicky pains, nausea,
and vomiting. The anal discharge varies in appearance : some-
times it resembles pure mucus, at others blood mixed with
mucus, while, not unfrequently, pure blood is voided. -As the
disease proceeds and ulceration is developed, pus becomes
mingled with the discharge, as well as membranous shred-like
particles (the latter an ominous sign). Considerable prostra-
tion is attendant throughout ; the pulse is weak and quick,
_the respiration increased, the eyes sunken, mucous mem-
branes injected, the nose dry and hot, mouth slimy and breath
offensive ; with these there is loss of appetite, considerable
thirst, and disinclination during the latter stages to move, the
evacuations being involuntary and most disgusting.
Treatment.—The medicinal treatment of dysentery should
be essentially anodyne and astringent. The sulphate of cop-
per and opium stand pre-eminent, and may be given in the
proportions named in the foregoing disease, three or if neces-
sary four times per day. I am no advocate for blood-letting
in this excessively reducing malady. As a local application I
prefer a hot linseed-meal poultice to the abdomen. When
the discharge.is excessive, and mingled with blood, a table-
spoonful of starch, with ro drops of laudanum, may be in-
jected, or 20 drops of tinct. ferri in a tablespoonful of iced
water, and repeated if necessary.
72 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
Dict,—The same rules regarding the diet in diarrhcea will
apply in dysentery, and warmth, cleanliness, and dryness are
equally essential
INTUS-SUSCEPTION.
This intestinal condition is commonly met with in the dog.
When one portion of the tube “telescopes” or becomes in-
.vaginated within the portion anterior or posterior to it, what
is termed intus-susception is established.
The small intestines are those generally involved. -
Intus-susception usually terminates fatally ; adhesion, how-
ever, of the invaginated portion may take place, followed by
suppuration and separation of that part.
In a recent fust-mortem examination of a large mastiff dog,
I found death had resulted from stoppage and consequent in-
flammation, owing to constriction of the bowel immediately
in front of an old intus-suscepted portion, in which adhesion
was established, but the process of sepseetiOn had not become
complete.
In a still more recent one, of a fox-hound, I found acute
inflammation of the bowel at and anterior and posterior to an
invaginated portion of seven inches in length, in which adhe-
sion had not commenced. :
The following case was recorded by Jonathan Hutchinson,
in 1876:
INTUS-SUSCEPTION OF THE ILEUM AND Ca@cumM IN A Doc.
This specimen was taken from a dog about ten months old.
The ileum and caecum had passed into the colon for a distance
of about eight inches, until the cacum nearly presented at
the anus. The layers. were not in the least adherent, and it
might have been ‘reduced by traction from within the abdo-
men with great ease. Although the impacted parts were
much congested, there was no tendency to gangrene, nor any
DISEASES OF THE BOWELS. 93
trace of inflammatory effusion anywhere. It was chiefly in
reference to its bearing on the feasibility of operations in these
cases that the specimen was of interest. No treatment had
been adopted during the life of the animal, because no diag-
nosis had been made. The dog was in perfect health until
about eight days before his death, when, without any cause
perceptible, he began to show signs of discomfort, and refused
to hunt. He was never observed to be sick, nor did he pass
blood. He took little or no food, and his belly became much
retracted. For two days before his death-he was intensely
jaundiced. In reference to the non-occurrence of adhesions
between the layers of impacted intestine, it must be borne in
mind that experiments have established the fact that dogs
are but little prone to peritonitis.—Pathological Society's Trans-
actions.
Symptoms.—There are no special diagnostic symptoms of
intus-susception in the dog. Those of colic are generally at
the onset present, and are succeeded by enteritic ones. Fre-
quent violent straining and vomiting are also invariably pres-
ent. But the same may occur in strangulated hernia, and
. other intestinal affections.
Treatment.—A large dose of linseed or salad oil should
first be administered for the purpose of mechanically facili-
tating the return of the invaginated portion, or inflation of
the bowels with air might be adopted with good results, or
the administration of quicksilver could be tried. The suc-
ceeding treatment should be as for colic and enteritis, or both
combined.
WORMS.
Dogs are invariably, during some portion of their lives,
troubled with worms, and the most common seat of these
pests is in the intestinal canal. It is, perhaps, hardly neces-
sary to observe that their presence causes their host much
annoyance, and is frequently productive of disease.
74 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG,
Vomiting, paralysis, rectal irritation—denoted by the ani-
mal frequently licking the part, and dragging himself along
in a sitting posture—purging, inordinate appetite, enlarged.
abdomen, harsh, staring coat, emaciation, and more or less
febrile disturbance, are among the symptoms usually presented
in such cases, while ocular demonstration of the fact is not
frequently wanting.
For a fuller description of this subject and the treatment,
see chapter on “ Internal Parasites.”
COLIC.
. This disease in the dog is not of that frequency which
might be expected from the strange circumstances under
which at times he exists, the exertions required of him, the
exposure he is subject to, and the bill of fare.
Causes.—Intestinal obstruction, calculi, intus-susception,
hernia, impaction of feces, flatulency, worms, cold, or indi-
gestible food. A special form of colic is caused by lead-poi-
soning.
Symptoms.—Colic comes on suddenly ; the animal is to all
appearance in perfect health, when he immediately utters a
sharp cry of pain, and, with his back arched and abdomen
drawn up, he walks restlessly about, whimpering or moaning,
and endeavoring vainly to find ease in various postures. Con-
siderable tympany is often present, giving the animal a tense
inflated appearance.
By careful inquiry the cause of the attack may be often -—
ascertained : frequently it may be traced to the food; an un-
usual supply of bones may have been given, a great portion
of which may probably have been devoured in such a form as
to cause irritation, if not mechanical obstruction ; or from
long submergence in water, which is frequently the case with
swimming dogs, who no sooner approach the bank than
DISEASES OF THE BOWELS. . 75
another stick or stone is flung in, and away he is started again,
and this repeated over and over again by thoughtless persons
who never seem to dream of the extent to which they are
taxing the good nature of the willing servant.
Constipation, flatulency, worms, are also causes equally
easy of ascertainment, and by inquiry (in kennel dogs more
particularly) as to the source whence the water is supplied,
and the vehicle through which it flows or is drank from, we
may arrive at the conclusion the attack is caused from the
action of lead. Intus-susception, calculi, or hernia, would be
indicated by the colicky pains being of greater frequency and
more protracted ; but usually, and especially to an unscientific
person, these would be somewhat obscure.
With regard to medicinal treatment, an oleaginous aperient
at the onset is generally advisable ; impaction of the rectum
is best removed with a warm soap-sud enema. Flatulency
may be relieved by aromatic cordials and antacids, as—
Sodze Carbonate. ......... 0.0: ce ee eee 10-20 grains
Essence of Peppermint. .............. 5-0 minims
‘In a tablespoonful of warm water ;
or,
Spts. Ammon, Aromaticus............. 20-30 minims
Zingib, veces edges ete sen ee eees ro grs.
Administered the same way.
When the pain is severe 1-3 grains of opium may be
given in a teaspoonful or two of equal parts of brandy and
water, and repeated in an hour if not relieved.
Rubbing the abdomen affords aase, and in extreme cases
mustard or ammonia embrocation may be applied.
Bitches in whelp are occasionally attacked with colic, owing
to foetal pressure of the bladder. In such cases we can only
wait until the period of parturition arrives, and in the mean
time not overload the stomach and bowels, and keep the
latter gently relaxed ; urgent symptoms must, of course, be
treated as above.
76 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE Doc.
Puppies are said to be exceedingly liable to colic, but I
have failed to find it so, except occasionally when they are
sucking ; attention to the mother’s diet will generally be found
. the most effectual means of preventing its recurrence, with a
dose or two of carbonate of soda. _
I question whether any but the most experienced would
easily recognize a colicky puppy three or four weeks old, not
to mention a more infantile age.
ENTERITIS,
Or inflammation of the bowels, is a disease to which dogs,
from its ordinary causes, are fortunately not very subject.
Enteritis is rarely confined to one tissue, both peritoneal,
muscular, and mucous are generally involved in the inflam-
matory process. ‘The latter is, however, in all instances more
particularly the seat of inflammation, and from the rapidity
of its course seldom gives time for the others to be equally
involved.
Causes.—Protracted colic, exposure to damp and cold, es-
pecially from lying on the earth or wet floor, intestinal ob-
struction from faces, foreign bodies, strangulation, or intus-
susception, local irritation, or irritant poisons.
Symptoms.—It is highly essential, in enteritis, that the
practitioner should arrive at a correct diagnosis: in other
words, that he should be able to distinguish it from other
affections resembling it, more especially colic, with which itis
nost likely to be confounded. The usual cordials and stim-
ulants given in the latter affection, would be adding fuel to
fire in enteritis, and speedily effect a fatal termination.
The pain in enteritis is continuous and extremely severe, and
pressure to the abdomen greatly aggravates it. In colic the
pain is intermittent, and pressure or friction to the abdomen
affords considerable relief.
DISEASES OF THE BOWELS. 77
1n enteritis the visible mucous membranes are highly in-
jected, thermometrical insertion per rectum shows consider-
able increase of temperature, and the pulse is increased in
frequency and small.
In colic there is no injection of the mucous membranes,
no increase in temperature, and only slight acceleration of
pulse and breathing during the spasm. Such may be con-
sidered the leading diagnostic distinctions between the two
diseases.
The General Symptoms of enteritis are as follows: Its
commencement is denoted by rigors, a dry hot nose, injected
visible mucous membranes, pulse small, hard and frequent,
considerable thirst is present, and usually obstinate consti--
pation. The animal moves continually about, looks back at
his flank, and whines piteously ; he no sooner adopts the
recumbent position than, with a sharp cry, up he starts again.
As the disease proceeds these symptoms become greatly ag-
gravated ; the abdomen is hot and extremely tender, the
breathing hurried and painful and entirely thoracic, pulse
wiry and increased, mucous membranes deep red, urine scanty
and high colored ; the cries are more frequent and sharp, and
if an attempt be made to pick the animal up he immediately
resents it; if the attendant is successful, a howl of pain is
emitted. When the disease is due to irritant poisons or the
presence of acrid bile, or associated with gastric derangement,
incessant vomiting, often streaked with blood, accompany it,
with frequent evacuations similar in character to the vomit.
Finally the mouth, ears, and limbs become cold and
clammy, the abdomen is distended, an offensive cadaverous
smell is emitted from the body generally, the breathing is
difficult and irregular, pulse imperceptible, the heart can just
be detected feebly beating, convulsions follow, and death
closes the scene. :
The terminations of enteritis are:
Resolution.—A gradual diminution of the symptoms, and
return to health.
78 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
Ulceration.—Frequent purulent evacuations, with rapid
emaciation, and finally death.
Gangrene-—Sudden suspension of pain, suppression of
secretions, cold, clammy condition of body, gums and inside
of the lips livid, delirium, convulsions, and death.
Enteritis may assume a chronic form ; in such a case inter-
mittent pains occur, the faces are alternately watery and hard,
the abdomen is tense, and flatulency and vomiting are more
or less frequent. .
Treatment.—I have already alluded to the importance of
diagnosing correctly between enteritis and colic, and from
what I there mentioned it will be gathered that stimulants
and cordials form no part of our treatment in this disease.
Our first duty is, if possible, to ascertain the cause. Pur-
gatives usually, in enteritis, are not advisable. When, how-
ever, the illness.can be traced to local irritation from the im-
paction of faces, worms, or foreign matter, a mild dose of :
castor-oil may be given at the onset with benefit.
Again, if the liver be associated with it, a small dose of
aloes and calomel can also be administered with safety. If,
on examination per rectum, impaction of hardened faces are
found, they should be gently broken down with the finger,
and a simple warm water enema thrown up to assist their ex-
pulsion. Drastic purgatives at any period of the disease are
hurtful, and removal of the obstruction, if possible, by me-
chanical means is decidedly preferable. Salad oil is a val-
uable agent for this purpose ; it effects its object by insinua-
tion through the obstruction, supposing it to be the impaction
of fecal matter; it, at the same time, shields the mucous
membrane, and if there is intus-susception it facilitates its
removal.
To relieve the pain, from 1 to 3 grains of opium may be
given in a teaspoonful or two of barley-water, and repeated in
an hour if necessary. Opiate enemas can also be administered
with the same view.
Counter-irritation to the abdomen is of great value, mus-
DISEASES OF THE BOWELS, . 79
tard-plasters, hot linseed-meal poultices, bags of hot salt con-
tinually renewed, or hot fomentations may be used.
Bleeding is beneficial in the early stage only, and is best
adopted locally, by means of leeches to the abdomen.
When the acute symptoms: have subsided the counter-
irritation may be discontinued, but the abdomen must be kept
thoroughly warm and the patient quiet.
With regard to support during the illness, bland mucilagi-
nous drinks should form the only diet, and should be contin-
ued for some considerable time after recovery takes place,
owing to the sensitive condition of the intestinal mucous
membrane.
Gastro-Enteritis is usually the result of irritant poisons.
The symptoms are those of gastritis and enteritis combined.
The treatment must consist, at the onset, in removing the
cause, followed by that laid down for the two diseases re-
spectively.
PERITONITIS.
Inflammation of the peritoneum is more frequent,in bitches
than dogs. ‘he inflammation may be local or diffused, ze,
it may be confined to one portion of the membrane, or extend
to the whole. A general or diffused peritonitis is the form
usually met with in canine practice.
Causes.—External violence, as kicks, blows, wounds (par-
ticularly punctured), parturition, hernia, Cans aNen, expos-
ure to damp and cold.
Symptoms.—Acute peritonitis is characterized by abdom-
inal pain, which is considerably augmented by pressure.
The animal exhibits great restlessness, continually moving
about and endeavoring to obtain, if possible, a comfortable
position, and this his broadside appears to afford him best.
The pulse is small, hard, and wiry, conjunctival membrane
80 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG,
injected, nose dry and hot, tongue white and slimy, breathing
increased, and expirations hot.
As the disease advances the pain becomes most intense:
the very countenance of the poor animal is expressive of the
agony he is enduring. Sharp cries bespeak the torture pro-
duced even by the slightest pressure. Lying now in any posture
affords not the slightest relief ; and the patient stands, prop-
ped up, as it were, with his legs apart, breathing with dif-
ficulty, for this act is now performed independent of the ab-.
dominal muscles or diaphragm. The abdomen becomes dis-
tended, the tongue dry and furred; thirst extreme, urine
scanty and high-colored, and there is obstinate constipation.
In a short time the herald of death approaches, all pain
ceases—mortiication is the boon he grants before life leaves
the suffering frame. The extremities become cold, the pa-
_tient is comatose, and so passes quietly away ; or, occasionally,
delirium closes the scene. :
Past-mortem Appearances.—Intense inflammation of the per-
itoneal membrane, often extending through its whole thick-
ness, and portions of it are not unfrequently found to be gan-
grenous. The membrane covering the intestines is frequently
involved ; livid patches are also to be observed on that por-
tion of it covering the stomach and liver. The abdominal
cavity contains more or Jess serous fluid ; if the disease has
existed long the quantity is considerable, of a bloody hue, and
smells very offensive.
Treatment.—In the early stage of acute peritonitis, the
bowels may be moved by an oleaginous aperient ; but in the
later stages—when, in all probability, the membrane covering
the intestines is involved, together with: the inability of the
system to withstand depletion—purgatives are attended with
great danger, and simple enemas alone should be relied gn.
Hot fomentations, linseed-meal poultices, or bags of hot
salt should constitute local treatment. At ¢he onset leeches
may be applied to the abdomen ; but they are not admissible
at a later period. .
DISEASES OF THE BOWELS. 81
With regard to internal remedies, anodyne agents are in-
dicated and either of the following medicines may be given:
Fleming’s Tinct. of Aconite. ...1 to 3 minims.
In a teaspoonful of water every two hours.
Or,
OPN. a hice ese bee eeee ences I grain
Chloroform................ teeeeees 5 minims
In a teaspoonful or two of water every four hours.
Sedative enemas may also be used, and are attended fora
time with much relief.
The same diet as for enteritis should be adopted.
Acute-Peritonitis may terminate in recovery, ascites,
or become chronic.
Chronic-Peritonitis is generally the result of an acute
attack.
Symptoms.—These are not so easily defined as in the pre-
vious form. The abdomen is hard, enlarged, and somewhat
contracted at the sides. Uneasiness, or a kind of sub-acute
pain appears frequently to be present, especially after feeding.
There is also a degree of fever continually present. The
nose is seldom moist or cool, and the pulse is low and fluct-
uating. The animal becomes gradually emaciated, the abdo-
men increases in size (vulgarly termed pot-bellied), the appe-
tite fails, and death from exhaustion takes place. This form
of peritonitis is generally associated with ascites.
Post-mortem Examination reveals a thickened condition
of peritoneal membrane, with frequently numerous granula-
tions on its abdominal surface. The serous effusion is more
abundant, and of a paler or more limpid color than in acute
peritonitis.
Treatment.—This consists, in tonics, particularly the tinct-
‘ure er sulphate of iron, with fresh air, moderate exercise, and
plain, nutritious food ; if the debility is extreme, brandy, beef-
tea, and cod-liver oil may be 7 a
82 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG
PILES.
Dogs are very frequently afflicted with this troublesome af-
fection. Piles may be either external or internal, and assume
either the form of vascular tumors around the margin of the
anus, or within it.
External piles are composed of a congregation of varicose
veins. Internal piles are usually similar in formation, but
occasionally they are genuine pendulous tumors and so ex-
ceedingly vascular that the least pressure produces hzmorr-
hage (bleeding piles).
Causes.—Habitual constipation, abuse of purgatives, pro-
longed diarrhoea or dysentery, plethora, torpid liver, dyspepsia,
over-stimulating food and confinement.
Symptoms.—A swollen and relaxed condition of the anus,
with eversion and congestion of the mucous membrane. If
the piles are external, the margin of the anus is tumefied and,
uneven. If internal, the tumors will frequently be observed
to protrude in the act of defecation, which is attended with
considerable pain, and the matter is often mingled with
blood ; occasionally also, an involuntary foetid discharge takes
place.
Considerable itching attends either form, and a dog so
affected is continually licking the parts, or dragging himself
in a sitting posture along the floor. To manipulation they,
are exceedingly sensitive, and the animal will avoid any inter-
ference as much as possible.
Piles, if neglected, give rise to the formation of abscess,
extensive ulceration, fistula and tumor.
Treatment.—This consists, first, in attention to the diet
and general health of the patient. The food should be plain,
nutritious, easy of digestion, and laxative ; daily exercise and
occasionally cold baths are beneficial.
Medicinal agents will depend upon the cause of the affec-
tion, Under most circumstances, a mild oleaginous aperient
’ DISEASES OF THE BOWELS. 83
is advisable. If the liver is inactive, the aloetic aperient with
calomel is most suitable ; while, if there is a relaxed system
with dyspepsia, iron and cod-liver oil is indicated.
With regard to local treatment, iced water, or the direct
application of ice affords considerable relief. If the piles are
internal and attended with hemorrhage, recourse to astrin-
gents will be necessary, and I know of none better than alum,
either in solution and injected, or the powder made into a
paste with flour and water and gently inserted. A portion of
ice may also, with benefit and ease to the patient, be intro-
duced into the rectum and allowed to melt there.
When there is considerable pain without hemorrhage, and
the rectum is tumefied, leeches may be conveniently and
‘advisably applied to the parts. Pain, with internal hamor-
rhage, is best relieved by the addition of a grain of opium to
the astringent paste or injection.*
When obstinate constipation prevails, an enema of olive-oil
is most suitable for faciliating the feecal evacuation, and with
less pain than with any other form of evacuation.
Tumors, external or internal, should be removed by liga-
ture, the animal being under the influence of chloroform. The
ultimate sore to be treated according to circumstances.
Foetor may be counteracted by the application if external,
or the injection if intestial of a weak solution of chloride of
zine.
PROLAPSUS ANI.
This condition of the rectum often occurs in aged dogs
which are overfed, have but little exercise, and whose bowels
are either continually constipated or relaxed. It is generally
a protrusion or eversion of the mucous membrane of the rectum
rather than the rectum itself.
* A drachm each of tannin and opium, with an ounce of lard, makes
an excellent ointment for piles in dogs.--Fin‘ay Dun.
84 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
Symptoms.—These need but little description—the eversion
being in itself sufficiently diagnostic ; at stool it is increased
and considerably injected.
Zreatment.—This consists in cleansing and turning the
protruded portion, and afterwards in the application of cold
and astringents. Tone will be given to the system, and con-
stringement of the affected part effected by the administra-
tion of tinct. ferri, 10 to 15 minims, twice or three times a
day in cold water.
Nutritious diet and a moderate allowance of exercise should
be given.
Where these measures fail, an operation will be necessary ;
and this generally consists in removing one of the folds of
the mucous membrance by knife or ligature, or the destruc-
tion of a portion of it by actual cautery. It is needless to
remark that either operation should be performed under the
influence of chloroform, and by a veterinary surgeon.
FISTULA IN ANO.
Fistula of the anus is frequently met with in dogs, particu-
larly of the pampered house tribe, and is usually the result of
neglected piles ; it may occur from wounds, abscess, or ulcera-
tion of the rectum (the latter generally consequent on piles),
or from impaction of hardened feces.
The fistula may be external or internal, complete or partial,
z.¢., external if the orifice of the wound is in the integument,
or internal if within the rectum ; complete, if the two orifices
exist together, partial when there is but one orifice.
Symptoms.—The symptoms of fistula in the dog are con-
tinual irritation of the affected part; the animal will be
observed continually licking the anus, and dragging himself
along the floor with his fore-limbs. If the fistula be external
it requires little diagnosis ; if internal, and not complete, there
DISEASES OF THE BOWELS. 85
is an offensive rectal discharge, and the faces are often coated
with matter and blood.
Treatment—The treatment of fistula lies in laying open
the sinus with a fine probe-pointed bistoury, and afterwards
treating it in the first instance as a common wound, and _ sub-
sequently with a solution of chloride of zinc. If considerable
hemorrhage follows, the part should be packed with lint or
cotton-wool steeped in tinct. of iron, or a solution of tannic
acid ; or if it be from a divided artery, to tie the vessel, if
possible. The bowels should be properly regulated, and at
no time constipation allowed to take place ; an injection of
warm water twice or three times a day, after hemorrhage is
prevented, should be administered for the double pur-
pose of facilitating the passage of faeces and removing the dis-
charge.
CHAPTER VI.
DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND SPLEEN.
HEPATITIS, CANCEROUS DEPOSIT IN
JAUNDICE, THE LIVER AND SPLEEN,
FATTY DEGENERATION BILIARY CALCULI,
OF THE LIVER, SPLENITIS.
HEPATITIS,
Or inflammation of the liver, may be acute or chronic.
ACUTE.
Predisposing Causes.—Overfeeding, with insufficient exer-
cise, especially in pampered house pets.
Exciting Causes.—Exposure to damp and cold, intense
heat, immoderate use of emetics, biliary concretions, acrid
bile, external violence over the region of the liver,—as blows,
kicks, falls, or crushes.
Symptoms.—Pain on the right side, increased by pressure,
quickened respiration, dry cough, pulse hard and fluctuating,
rigors and vomiting. As the complaint proceeds, the skin
and visible mucous membranes become yellow, the feces
pale, either relaxed or confined, urine scanty and of a deep
orange tint; bile is mingled with the vomit, the tenderness
on the right side is increased, and a considerable enlarge-
ment is observable in the region of the liver ; the abdomen
86)
DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND SPLEEN. 87
is more or less pendulous, the eyes dull, tongue coated with
browndur, gums congested, breath feetid ; and attendant on
these symptoms we have great thirst, loss of appetite, flatu-
lency, and rapid emaciation.
Acute hepatitis may terminate in resolution or abscess, or
become chronic.
Treatment.—In the early stage, local bleeding is exceed-
ingly beneficial, the hair over the affected region should be
shaved closely off and leeches applied, after which a hot lin-
seed-meal poultice may be bound over the part.
With regard to medicinal agents—mild saline doses at the
onset, as a drachm each of sulphate of magnesia and bicar-
bonate of soda, repeated for three days, and then followed by
vegetable tonics, form the best internal treatment that I am
aware of. Stimulants are rarely, if ever, admissible.
When the acute symptoms have abated, nourishing, but
unstimulating food may be allowed, with daily quiet exercise.
CHRONIC HEPATITIS
may, as I have observed, be a sequel of the former, or be as-
sociated with other diseases, or it may be created by some
specific disease within its own structure.
It is, however, more generally brought about from long-
continued injudicious feeding and denial of exercise, and is
more frequently seen in the smaller breeds, particularly toy
terriers. .
. Symptoms.—These are, to a considerable extent, a modi-
fied type of those existing in acute hepatitis. The size of
the liver may be increased or decreased—more frequently
the former, the enlargement being hard and more or less in-
sensible to pain on pressure. The animal has an habitual
jaundiced appearance, and is usually languid and dejected.
Treatment-—The treatment of chronic hepatitis may be
more extended than when it is acute. Counter-irritation is
decidedly indicated, and is certainly beneficial. I am of
opinion that strong iodine liniment applied with a brush, after
88 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
first removing the hair, is the best agent for this purpose, and
more in accordance with the nature of a glandular disease.
Calomel may also be administered with benefit in one-grain
doses, combined with ten grains of rhubarb ora scruple of
aloes, every other day. Intermediate doses of dilute nitric
acid, two to four drops twice a day, often assist recovery and
keeps a clean palate ; or the iodide of potassium, in five to
ten grain doses, may be tried. | Plain unstimulating food and
free exercise should be allowed, and a relaxed condition of
the bowels maintained.
Chronic hepatitis, from interference in the portal circula-
tion, often terminates in ascites, more particularly in old
dogs. (See “ Dropsy.”)
JAUNDICE (Icrerus).
This is an affection to which dogs are peculiarly liable.
Greyhounds have been stated to be more generally the sub-
ject of it than other breeds. My experience of the disease, -
however, has been chiefly confined to the smaller breeds, es-
pecially pampered house-dogs.
Jaundice may exist alone, or be associated with other
affections, particularly distemper, in which, by dog-men, it is
usually separated from: the malady giving rise to it, and
treated independently as the “Yellows.” (See “ Distem-
per.”)
' Causes.—Suppression or retention of bile, more particu-
larly the latter, which becomes re-absorbed into the system.*
* Sir Thomas Watson, in his lecture on this subject, says: “ There
can be no doubt that when the bile, after being formed in the liver, is de-
tained there, or in the gall-bladder, in consequence of some impediment
to its excretion, it is re-absorbed—both by the lymphatic vessels and by
the veins—carried into the circulation, and so conveyed to the surface,
and to the parts in which the change of color is observed. In the begin-
ning of the present century, Dr. Saunders, of Guy’s Hospital, made, on
DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND SPLEEN. 89
Biliary calculi in the gall-bladder or its duct, inspissated
bile,* disease of the liver—as inflammation, enlargement, con-
traction, schirrous tumors, abscess—immoderate use of pur-
gatives, especially aloes and calomel, repeated emetics, sud-
den chills after heat and fatigue, accumulation of faeces.
Symp toms.—General depression, inactivity, loss of appe-
tite, bowels constipated and of a light drab or clay color, or
relaxed, the faeces being of a greenish tint mingled with mu-
- cus, and offensive ; urine high-colored, hot, occasionally tur-
bid, and stains yellow ; excessive vomition ; pulse increased,
contracted and hard ; the skin is hot, and, if gathered up, re-
mains stationary for some moments,—this is more particu-
larly the case towards a fatal termination. It is also of a
deep yellow tinge, especially on the thin parts, as over the
abdomen, inside the thighs, forearms and ears. The same
color is present on the visible mucous membranes of the eye,
conjunctiva, inside the lips, the ‘gums and vagina. The
mouth and nose are dry and hot, the tongue furred’and
breath offensive. There is pain on pressure over the region
of the liver, with, sometimes, enlargement and hardness.
There is also a great disposition to somnolence, and, during
this subject, some conclusive experiments, which have since been repeated
by others with similar results. The hepatic duct of a dog having been
tied, and the animal killed two hours afterwards, the numerous lymphatics
in the walls of the bile-ducts were seen to be distended with a yellow
fluid; the fluid in the thoracic duct also was yellow; and so were the in-
tervening lymphatic glands. Again, two hours after the ligation of the
hepatic duct, the serum of blood taken from the hepatic vein was found
to contain much more of the coloring matter of the bile, than that of blood
taken from the jugular vein in the neck. That bile is capable of being
taken up by the absorbents is further apparent from the fact that when
the cystic duct is permanently shut, the bile disappears gradually, but en-
tirely, from the gall-bladder.
* T have recently had two interesting cases of jaundice, one in a fox-
terrier, the other in-a Chinese pug, arising from inspissated bile. In both
the disease was so far advanced, when placed under my charge, that all
treatment proved useless. A fost-mortem examination revealed the gall-
ducts choked with inspissated bile.
go THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
slumber, fitful starts with subdued whimpers will frequently
be noted.
Convulsions, succeeded by a profound state of coma, usu-
ally precede death ; a peculiar general offensive odor is also
emitted. ;
In-whelp bitches occasionally become jaundiced from
uterine pressure, which generally disappears after parturition.
Treatment,—lf taken in hand early, and there is no struc-
tural disease of the liver, jaundice is not difficult to deal with.
The cause, therefore, if possible, must be first ascertained.
If it is the accumulation of faeces, an aloetic purge, assisted
by enemas, will, in removing the cause, likewise dispel the
effect.
If the disease proceeds from inspissated bile or gall-stone
—in which case the urine is generally turbid and the pain
more acute, with increased vomiting and difficulty in feecal
evacuation—a smart dose of aloes and calomel should be
prescribed, followed by small doses of spirits of nitrous ether,
and laudanum, 2 parts of the former to 1 of. the latter, in
drachm doses, twice or three times aday. A hot bath will
also afford considerable relief, and this may be followed by —
the application of a mustard or linseed poultice over the
region of the liver. ~
When jaundice is due to the immoderate use of purgatives
and emetics, an opposite line of treatment will be required:
mucilaginous drinks, and alkalies with opium are indicated.
When diarrheea is present, a mild dose of castor-oil may be
first given, followed, if necessary, by small doses of opium.
If the evacuations ate excessive and attended with great
straining, starch and opium enemas should be administered.
Bleeding in jaundice is of no earthly use: if the pain is
acute, leeches may be applied to the side, but I must confess
I am no advocate for the abstraction of blood in this disease
in any form, and place far more confidence in counter-irrita-
tion or poultices.
The diet should be plain, unstimulating, and laxative.
DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND SPLEEN, gl
Moderate exercise may be allowed, but exposure to cold or
damp must be strictly guarded against. Animals once affect-
ed with jaundice are peculiarly liable to a return of the com-
plaint, and therefore need more than ordinary attention.
From the Veterinarian, May, 1870, I transcribe the follow-
ing interesting paper: -
“JAUNDICE IN THE DOG, AND ITS TREATMENT.
“BY M. WEBER, VETERINARY SURGEON, PARIS.
“The author believes he does not exaggerate in saying
that, up to the present time, jaundice in the dog has been
considered by veterinary practitioners as generally, if not
always, mortal, and that therapeutics were powerless to com-
bat it.
“The authors who have written on this disease, it must be
acknowledged, were not well acquainted with it, and there-
fore not very competent. It is more particularly in the
treatises on sport that we find any description or treatment of
this malady, hence very different theories and treatments have
been produced without resulting in any benefit, either to
science or to the patient. .
“ Some veterinary authors, however, have treated the ques-
tion, and have tried to connect it with a certain order of
anatomical lesion; but in many cases these anatomical le-
sions are insufficient, at least, according to the-results of my
experience.
“ Before proceeding, it is important to state what I under-
stand by jaundice ; it is not every malady in which the yellow”
icteric tint is often a symptom of a more serious organic lesion,
and which it would be useless to attempt to cure, that should
be considered as jaundice. The jaundice in the dog, such as
I have often been able to observe, is, like the icterus, simple
and grave in the human subject, and it is of this form only
that I intend to treat; it corresponds to the malady in man,
g2 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
described by M. Ozanam as Léterus essential, character grave,
and which has also been designated as /cterus malignus. In
In a great number of cases the icteric tint is a symptom con-
nected almost always with some serious lesions (such as
rupture of the liver, abscesses and cyst in the same, scirrhous
tumors, obstruction and ruptures of the gall-ducts, intestinal
invaginations).
“The Jcterus benign, so frequent in the human subject
that it is considered of very little consequence, is very rare in
the dog. On the other hand, the /éterus grave is nearly al-
ways fatal; but, notwithstanding, at the autopsy there are
rarely found anatomical lesions sufficient to account for the
death, or the gravity of the symptoms during life. Sex does
not appear to have any influence in the production of the
malady—male and female alike are subject to it, though the
number of males that came under treatment might be greater.
Neither has age any influence; the malady attacks both
young, adult, and old, without distinction. :
“Though it is often difficult to trace the cause of the
affection, I believe I am not far out in saying that the most
frequent causes of this malady are: (1) excessive action
_brought on by fatigue, (2) long journeys, (3) prolonged sport,
(4) sudden chills, (5) external violence, blows, etc., (6) abuse
of emetics and purgatives, (7) obstinate constipation. Thus
the malady prevails among setters and pointers a few days
after the opening of the shooting season ; in hounds after a
long run, and particularly in dogs which are not very fast,
and are forced to keep up with the pack composed mostly of
hounds of great speed ; in dogs which follow carriages for
long distances ; and in retrievers which, after being heated,
go into the water to recover the game.
“Tt also prevails among dogs which are left in the charge
of keepers, and, as often happens, are subjected to strong
drastic purgatives, or to emetics, with a view to cure the dis-
temper ; also in those animals which receive blows and kicks,
too often in wanton thoughtlessness and cruelty, or accidental
DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND SPLEEN. 93
compression in the region of the liver. Finally, the obstinate
constipation so frequent in dogs condemned to live in large
towns, seems to me to have a large share in the production
of this malady. It is said that anger, combats amongst them,
fright, etc., might cause jaundice.
“The first signs of the affection are variable, but most
frequently the following symptoms are observed: dulness
prostration, difficulty in locomotion, arched back, acceleration
of the pulse, nose hot and dry, mucous membrane of a bright-
red color, mouth dry and hot, staring coat, principaliy on the
back, abdomen hard and tender in the region of the liver,
and in a very short time seems as if adhering to the back.
The animal soon refuses all food (liquid and solid), but there
is an intense thirst, and the dog will not drink any thing but
pure water. Often the animal seems to be troubled with
colic; soon supervenes a symptom which is rarely absent,
that is bilious vomiting, which is very frequent and often
mixed with blood ; the urine becomes of a dark color and
bloody, constipation is frequently present, but sometimes
there is diarrhoea, the excrements being bloody, and often the ~
dog voids pure blood. At this stage the malady is easily
recognized by an experienced eye, but soon there is no pos-
sibility of doubt, as the yellow tints set in—the mucous mem-
branes are the first invaded by it, but soon the skin also
_ shows the icteric tint. This tint varies sometimes from straw-
color to dark yellow.
“ The pulse now becomes weaker and much slower, the
urine has a more decided yellow tint; the animal becomes
more and more feeble, gets up with difficulty, and exhales a
peculiar disagreeable odor from the mouth ; the weakness be-
comes extreme, the emaciation is visible, the extremities
grow cold; the animal becomes now insensible to surround-
ing objects, and death terminates the scene. Sometimes the
malady lasts only two days, but in general the duration varies
’ from two to five days.
“In some cases a cough supervenes, with acceleration of
94 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG,
the respiration, and an affection of the lungs complicates the
malady (M. Leblanc).. If the animal is bled in the course of
the disease, the blood exhales a peculiar odor, and the serum
is tinted with yellow. From the moment the yellow tint ap-
pears, the faecal evacuations become often greyish-white ; at
the commencement of the malady they are of a blackish color,
and frequently mixed with blood.
“The termination of the malady, up to the present time,
has been most frequently mortal ; some cases of cure have,
however, been recorded, but so rare that they have been
rather the exception, death being the rule. The pathological
alterations, without being absolutely constant, are in the gen-
erality of cases as follows: all the tissues are colored yellow,
the mucous membrane of the intestine is sometimes the seat
of pathological alterations, but at others is perfectly healthy,
The liver in certain cases is enlarged, in others diminished
in size ; the coloration also varies in this organ, and it often
shows no alteration, but one thing which I have always found
at the autopsy of dogs who had died from the jaundice, is the
accumulation of bile in the gall-bladder—this is of a yellowish-
green color and very thick. In the presence of these patho-
logical lesions, it seems that jaundice in the dog is not an
incurable malady ; the only question to resolve is how to find
therapeutic agents to combat the torpitude of the liver at the
commencement of the malady.
“The author acknowledges that the microscopical investi-
gations necessary to complete the study | ot the pathological
lesions have completely failed.
“ As often happens in maladies considered almost as incur-
able, the treament of this disease in the dog has been most
varied. Some have employed the antiphlogistic system,
bleeding, and revulsives ; other purgatives, others tonics. All
these means have nearly always had the same success—that
is, some patients have recovered by chance; notwithstanding
all that could be done, however, the majority have died, some-
times ot the malady, at others of the treatment. We will pass
DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND SPLEEN. 95
in review the remedies recommended by the different veterin-
ary authors who have written on this malady.
“M. U. Leblanc, whose writing is the most complete on
the jaundice of the dog, recommends repeated bleedings at
the commencement, manna, sulphate of magnesia, enemas,
with the addition of starch and laudanum ; if diarrhcea is
present, disacordium, half a drachm. He insists on hygienic
means ; panades with the addition of butter, for which broth
is to be substituted afterwards ; clean, warm, dry quarters,
etc.
“ Hurtrel d’Arboval, inspired by the writings of M. U.
Leblanc, also recommends bleeding at the onset, mucilaginous
drinks, with nitre, emollient enemas, etc.
“M. Prudhomme says that the treatment of jaundice in
the dog does not often succeed, as it is one of the most fatal
maladies of the canine species. He has, however, obtained
some favorable results from small repeated bleedings, whey
drinks, mucilage from decoction of linseed, or carrots and
barley, to which were added a few grammes of cream of tar-
tar, enemas, with starch and opium.
“ Professor Hertwig, of Berlin, employs emetics, slight
purges, as, for example, calomel with honey, or cream of tar-
tar, friction on the abdomen, with ammoniacal liniment.
“ M. C. Leblanc recommends baths with bran-water, leeches
on the abdomen, emollient enemas, sulphate of soda (if con-
stipated), mustard on the chest and feet. He adds that if an
improvement does not speedily set in, death is certain.
““M. Lafosse advises the same means as those directed by
M. C. Leblanc, the decoction of carrots and cream of tartar ;
if extreme debility sets in, to have recourse to quinine wine. —
“The author says he has tried all the remedies suggested,
and despairing of the results asks himself the question whe-
ther an agent could not be found which has a special action
on the liver and the biliary system powerful enough to combat
this terrible malady.. Another question was whether the ic-
teric color depended really on bile being mixed with the
96 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF -THE DOG.
blood in jaundice, as has been asserted, or whether it is ow-
ing to an incomplete separation of the elements which consti-
tute the bile from the blood, in consequence of the liver not
performing its proper function.
“¢T am inclined,’ the author says, ‘to the latter supposition,
seeing that the icteric color supervenes principally when there
is atrophy of the liver, and also in the adipose liver, and when
the substance of this organ has been invaded by the tissue of
foreign substance, such as cancerous tumors, it cannot be
supposed that in these cases there can be a superabundant
secretion of bile to mix with the blood; it seems infinitely
more simple to admit that the function of the gland is insuffi-
cient to separate the elements of the bile from the blood, and
the liquids and solids are soon pervaded by the icteric tint.’
“This view, however, the author does not take credit for,
as several physiologists have considered the bile as an excre-
mental product. According to M. Colin the bile is thick,
which is, moreover, the case also with other secretions. These
physiological views seem to be completely borne out by path-
ological facts ; consequent on these reflections I have thought
it important to search for some remedy that was capable of
restoring the function of the liver in a dice of the dog. The
author continues :
“¢ After several attempts I fixed on the chloride of mer-
cury (calomel), the purgative properties of which have been
admitted ; but after having administered this drug in purga-
tive doses without satisfactory result, I resorted to it in alter-
ative doses, and the results obtained have been beyond my_
expectation, so that there is no case of true jaundice of the
cure of which I despair at present. :
. “Without, however, pretending to have cured every case,
I can affirm that since I am in possession of this remedy the
fatal termination of the malady has been very rare; while be-
fore the cures were exceptional, and death, the rule; but the
method of administration is not a matter of indifference. The
medicine must be given in small doses three or four times a
DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND SPLEEN. 97
day, without, however, carrying it to purging. As soon as
that supervenes, the dose must be decreased, and stopped
altogether for a time, if the purging is violent. The dose is
from five to ten centigrammes, to be made up in pills, given
from two to four times a day. This is to be continued for a
few days, if purging does not set in ; if, on the other hand,
purging occurs, the dose must be reduced or suspended <alto-
gether, until it has stopped. ,
“«The administration of the calomel in the form of pills is.
preferable, as the agent. is insoluble in water, and the suspen-
sion in other liquids is at best unsatisfactory and uncertain ;
enemas slightly charged with laudanum are to be given in ac-
cordance with the indications. If the dog is able to eat, he
‘is to be allowed food, avoiding all salted substances. After
four or five days of the administration of the medicine, an
abundant salivation sets in, but I have not had this followed
by inflammation of the stomach or gangrene of the mouth ; in
some cases, however, there is loosening of the teeth ; this was
the case particularly with a young terrier, which had taken
the calomel for five days in doses of five centigrammes three
times a day. The animal lost five teeth, but recovered of the
jaundice. The medicine may be given for the first four days
at the rate of three pills a day, two on the fifth day, afterwards
reduced to one, and discontinued altogether when the state of
the patient admits of it.’
“The author gives several cases of jaundice in the dog
successfully treated, but which would take up too much space.”
—Reeeuil de Msdecine Vétérinaire.
-For the following translation I am indebted to Mr.
Fleming : ,
JAUNDICE, OR ICTERUS, IN THE DOG.
“Trasbot (Archives Véterinaires, 1876), in a very able
paper on this malady, when alluding to its ‘pathological
physiology,’ states that, after the anatomical study he has
7
g8 | THE MANAGEMENT AND. DISEASES OF THE DOG.
made of the disease, it appears to be sufficiently proved that
it is not essentially an alteration of the. liver ; on the contrary,
in the majority of cases this organ is perfectly healthy, and
even less modified in its color than many of the other tissues.
It is sometimes found, slightly congested and ecchymosed, but
this is more rare, and, always in a lesser degree than the lungs,
kidneys, and lymphatic glands, When it exists it is only a
secondary phenomenon, indicating a general alteration in the
organism, which is marked, by a tendency to the production of
capillary haemorrhage i in different parts, and by no special le-
sion. The general condition of the animals, the increase in
the respiration and circulation, as well as the elevation of tem-
perature before the appearance of the yellow color externally,
indicate, as a primary and fundamental phenomenon, an
acutely inflamed condition of some tissue. And, later, the
prostration, insensibility, and low temperature prove the exist-
ence of intoxication by a poison ; this poison evidently re-
_ sults from the accumulation of bile—or, at least, of, some of
its constituents—in the blood. So that icterus, at first of an
inflammatory nature, is soon complicated by the incessant
accumulation of bile in the blood, from the moment that its
characteristic symptom—yellowness of the tissues—is mani-
fested.
“Trasbot’s observations. go, to, demonstrate that. the
mucous membrane of the duodenum is always. violently i in:
flamed, and that this inflammation is also somewhat frequently
noticed in the stomach, and sometimes to a certain extent, in
the small intestines. Exceptionally, circumscribed inflamma.
tory centres are found in the lungs and kidneys, around
haemorrhagic points of recent date. But the inflammation is
never absent in the duodenum, so that duodenitis should be
considered as the primary sondition and szne gué non in the
development of icterus. This localization, however, is not
absolute, as often there is simultaneously a very intense
gastritis, or an enteritis which may extend to the cecum. It
therefore follows that icterus is primarily and essentially a
»
DISEASES. OF THE LIVER AND. SPLEEN 99
duodenitis or. gastro;duodenitis—or.it might be designated a
duodenal or. gastro-duodenal catarrh.
“ The existence of this.condition explains.in an absolutely
- satisfactory manner the development of all the symptoms:
mucous and sanguinolent vomits, constipation, diarrhoea or
dysentery, sensibility of the abdomen, dryness of the mouth,
- ardent thirst, etc., which are manifested from the commence-
ment. ;
“ Trasbot explains the mechanism of the biliary stasis as
follows. The excretory ducts of the liver, not containing any
contractile elements in their walls, cannot forcibly propel the
bile passing through them, and this only passes into the in-
testine by the vés-d-tergo resulting from the. secretion itself ;
the slightest obstruction, therefore, prevents its flow. This
obstruction it, finds,in the swollen. condition. of. the duodenal
mucous membrane. and its connective tissue, which com-
presses the biliary duct at its opening into that canal, and
completely hinders the bile from passing into it.
“This obstruction is rendered all the greater when there
is.a-fibrinous. exudate. ;
“Invagination of the. intestine, so. frequently.met with in
the fost-mortem examination. of dogs. which have died of
icterus, Trasbot is inclined to ascribe to the blood-poisoning.
If worms produce the disease; it can only be by irritating the
mucous membrane and inducing inflammation of it. With
regard to treatment, Trasbot recommends calomel: given in
alterative, not purgative. doses, as he has been very success-
ful with it. At the commencement: of: the. disease he gives
tepid:drinks which are slightly emollient—such as rice gruel—
to.which is added tartro-borate of potass, sulphate of. soda, or
calcined: magnesia, administered five or six times a day.
With the. calcined magnesia he has seen recovery take place
in four or five days. The animal must be kept warm and
clean, and food easy of digestion, as milk, soup, etc., given. -
‘Emetics and powerful purgatives are to be avoided, as they
are likely. to increase the inflammation ; diuretics. which do
100 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
not irritate the intestinal mucous membrane may be advan-
tageously administered—linseed tea and nitrate of potass
fulfil this indication, A large blister should be applied to
the epigastrium.” ,
FATTY DEGENERATION OF THE LIVER.
This condition of the liver is net uncommon in dogs,
though (probably from lack of scientific investigation) the
instances on record are very few.
The following interesting case is taken from the Véeterina-
rian, February, 1870:
“EXTRAORDINARY ENLARGEMENT OF THE LIV:
ER OF A DOG FROM DEPOSIT OF FATTY MATTER.
“BY MESSRS. GOWING AND SON, M.R.C.V.S., CAMDEN TOWN.
“ A few days ago the subject of the disease above referred
to, a Skye terrier twelve years of age, was brought to the In-
firmary for treatment, in consequence of an irritable condition
of stomach, which induced constant vomiting immediately
after the animal swallowed any kind of fluid ; even cold water
had this effect. It was ascertained that the bowels had not
acted for some time, and there was great prostration present.
“To meet the urgent symptoms minimum doses of creo-
sote were given, but still the vomiting continued, and the
prostration became more extreme. In the next instance
hydrocyanic acid was prescribed, in doses of one to two
minims in water, in order to ally the irritation and sickness
which prevented the effective administration of any food or
medicine. Some amount of success attended the employ-
ment of the acid, and an attempt ‘was made to support the
animal by the exhibition of a little beef-tea with a small
quantity of brandy ; an enema was also given; but in spite
of all treatment the dog become gradually worse, and on the
DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND SPLEEN. IOL
next day it was evident that he was sinking ; the owner then
decided to have him destroyed.
“On making a fost-mortem examination, the liver was
found to be excessively enlarged, pale in color, having a
granular surface when cut into. The intestines were ina
healthy condition, and no obstruction was detected through-
out the whole length of the tube. The lungs and kidneys
were normal. :
“The heart was empty and rather flabby, and the spleen
was filled with black blood. No history of the case was ob-
tained possessing any points of interest. The dog was ex-
ceedingly fat, as pet dogs commonly are, and appeared to
have enjoyed an average good health.
“ Examination of the morbid parts.—Messrs. Gowing &
Son forwarded the liver, heart, and spleen of the dog referred
to in the above record, for our inspection. Fatty deposits in-
the liver of fat animals are very common; but the organ in
this instance might almost be said to have undergone fatty
metamorphosis, if such a change is possible among pathologi-
cal conditions. Estimating the bulk of the diseased organ
roughly, we should say it was three or four times larger than
the healthy gland ; so large, indeed, that it must have’ én-
croached to a serious extent upon the other abdominal vis-
cera. In texture the organ was granular, yellow in color, and
offered to the edge of the knife the resistance of a mass of lard.
“Under the microscope no healthy liver cells were de-
tected ; the entire structure was filled with fat globules, which
not only occupied the interior of the cells, but existed every-
where in the tissue of the part. Large granular exudation
cells, of the kind which is often seen in encephaloid growths,
were numerous, but no other elements of cancer were ob-
served. ;
“Fatty degeneration affected the fibres of the heart to a
remarkable extent ; in fact, from the state of the organ, it is
certain that the circulation must have been extremely feeble.
The spleen was congested, but not otherwise diseased.”
Yo2. THE MANAGEMENT ‘AND DISEASES ‘OF THE DOG.
Dr. Budd observes: “In otir domestic animals, the fatten-
ing influence of fatty substancés taken ‘as food'is far more
constant. It was well exhibited in the ‘experinients lately
performed by Majendie, for the purpose of ascertaining the
nutritive powers of ‘different kinds of food. In one of these‘ex-
periments, a dog was kept entirely‘on fresh butter, which it
cotitinued to ‘eat, though not ‘regularly, for sixty-eight days.
It then died of inanition, although remarkably fat. ‘All ‘the
while the experiment lasted, the animal smelt strongly of
‘butyric acid ; its hair was greasy, and its ‘skin covered with'a
layer of fat. On dissection, all the organs and tissues were
found infiltrated with fat. The liver, to use the common
phrase, was fa/ty; and, on analysis, it was found to contain
a very large quantity of stearine, but Jittle or no oleine. /
had acted as a‘kind of filter for the butter.”
Many ‘other experiments‘of the same kind were made with
hog’s-lard and similar fatty substances, and with a like ‘result.
The dogs became loadéd with fat, but their muscles wasted,
and at length they died of inanition. In many of them, the
cornea sloughed. In all, the liver was fatty. These experi-
ments are ‘interesting, as showing ‘clearly that an ‘animal may
be loaded with fat, and yet die of inanition.
They place in a strong light the truth of the observation
long ago made by practical physicians, that fat people are not
so'sttong as they look, and, in general, ill bear loss'of blood
‘or other depletive measures. The muscles‘of fat people are
‘small, and it is muscle which gives strength. These remarks
will equally apply to the lower animals, the ‘horse in par-
‘ticular.
CANCEROUS DEPOSIT IN THE LIVER AND SPLEEN
IN THE DOG.
Veterinarian, Fan., 1870.
“We are indebted to Messts. Gowing & Son for the par-
ticulars of two remarkable cases of cancer affécting the in-
DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND SPLEEN. 103
ternal organs of the dog. In each case the animal was aged
and in a hopeless condition when first seen by Messrs. Gowing,
consequently no treatment was attempted.
“ Post-mortem examination was made soon after death, and
the appearances satisfactorily explained the ‘condition of the
dogs during life.
“Tn the first case which was examined in the beginning of
October, there was a large nodulated tumor, of a pale greyish-
yellow ‘color at the root of the mesentery. Numerous depos-
its ‘of a similar character were found all over the liver, both
covering the surface and extending to the interior of the gland.
“Under the microscope the deposit was found to consist of
cells of various forms, caudate, spindle and fibre-cells, with
many others containing nuclei, and evidently multiplying by
the endogenous process.
“A considerable quantity of fine fibrous stroma gave to
the deposit a density and hardness characteristic of scirrhous
growths. ‘There was scarcely a trace of the milky juice which
is an invariable constituent of encephaloid tumor.
“The second animal presented appearances in some re-
spects more marked than those which have just been de-
scribed. The subject of the disease was a Maltese dog, aged
fourteen years, which was seen by Messrs. Gowing only a few
hours before its death.
“On post-mortem examination the liver was found to be
covered with yellowish spots, and a tumor of similar character
was detected in the spleen.
“ Microscopic examination of the morbid deposit resulted
in the detection of the same elements which had been observed
in the former case.
“No history was obtained in either instance, but there can
be no doubt that the primary deposit occurred in the mesen-
tery in the first case, and in the spleen in the second, and that
it was followed in both by cancerous infiltration into the
structure of the liver.”
104. THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
BILIARY CALCULI.
These are not unfrequently met with in canine practice,
and, as already stated, are one of the causes operating in the
production of jaundice.
Symptoms.—The presence of biliary calculi is, as a rule,
unattended with pain so long as their substance is small, and—
they can pass through the ducts without distending their
walls ; when, however, they become fixed, the pain is usually
severe, and its seat denoted by the animal looking round
towards the region of the liver, moaning and lying on the
opposite side. Excessive vomiting and torpidity of the
bowels, with flatulency and hiccup, attend this biliary impac-
tion. When complete blocking of the duct takes place, the
bile is retained, and consequently re-absorbed,—hence jaun-
dice. ‘The faeces are nearly white, the urine of a deep orange
color. The pain is of a colicky nature ; there is no inflamma-
tory fever, increased respiration, or disturbed pulse, and the
passage of calculi once effected, a restoration to usual health
follows. a .
Treatment.—This chiefly consists in relieving the pain
during the passage of the calculi. Opium or aconite are the
agents best adapted for this purpose. 1 to 2 grains of the
former, or 1 to 3 minims of the latter, every three hours,
With regard to the administration of solvent agents for biliary
calculi, nitro-muriatic acid, sulphuric zther, and carbonate of
soda are each advocated and may be tried, but there is no
direct proof that in passing through the system they exert any
solvent influence on the concretions. Small doses of calomel
are more to be relied on, with attention to the bowels and
regulation of the diet. If the animal is emaciated, has fared
badly, and been continually confined, a new rule should be
established, a plain but liberal diet allowed, with vegetable
tonics, daily exercise, and strict attention to cleanliness,
DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND SPLEEN, 105
SPLENITIS.
Disease of the spleen have been but little recognized in
canine pathology, save in post-mortem examinations. Splenitis
usually occurs in connection with liver disease and intermit-
tent fevers.
Youatt observes:—“ In the cases that I have seen, the
earliest indications were frequent vomiting, and the discharge
of a yellow, frothy mucus. The animal appeared uneasy,
shivering, the ears cold, the eyes unnaturally protuberant,
the nostrils dilated, the flanks agitated, the respiration accel-
erated, and the mucous membranes pale. The best treat-
ment I know is the administration, twice in the day, of a ball
composed of a grain of calomel and the same quantity of aloes,
and § grains of ginger. ,
“The dog frequently cries out, both when he is moved
and when he lies on his bed. In the course of three days the
yellow mucus is generally disappearing, and the expression of
pain is materially diminished.
“Tf the bowels are much constipated after two days have
passed, 2 scruples of aloes may be given, and a grain of calo-
mel ; frequently injections may also be administered.”
Enlargement of the spleen may occasionally be both felt
and seen ; there is more or less pain on pressure, and consti-
pation and vomiting are generally present. The iodide of
potassium and iron in scruple doses twice daily, with relaxa-
tion of the bowels by aloes, is the best treatment I am aware
of.
CHAPTER VII.
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS.
NEPHRITIS, RETENTION OF URINE
HAMATURIA,. . PARALYSIS OF THE
RENAL CALCULI, BLADDER, .
CYSTITIS, RUPTURE OF THE
CYSTIC CALCULI, BLADDER. .
NEPHRITIS.
InFLAMMATION of the kidney is a serious, but, fortunately,
not a frequent malady in the dog.
Causes.—External violence, as blows or strain on the
loins ; long exposure to wet, particularly in bathing; renal
calculi or abscess ; the indiscriminate use of diuretics, espe-
cially turpentine or cantharides—the former being a favorite
vermifuge, and the latter being used as a blister, may get into
the system through licking or absorption.
Symptoms.—The animal has a peculiar stiff gait, simula-
ting lumbar rheumatism; in bitches there is a straddling
crouching gait as though about to urinate, pain on pressure
to the loins, urine secreted and voided in small quantities,
generally high colored, and in severe cases mixed with blood.
There is a considerable amount of sympathetic fever present,
denoted by a quick, hard, wiry pulse, a dry hot nose, injected
conjunctival membranes, and obstinate constipation.
(106)
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS 107
Treatment.—This must be purely antiphlogistic.* Leeches
to the loins at the onset are attended with considerable ben-
efit. These may be followed by warm fomentations, linseed-
meal or mustard poultices, and opiate enemas. Constipation
should be relieved at the commencement with castor-oil.
Frequent draughts of mucilaginous fluids should be given, as
barley-water, solution of gum-arabic, or linseed-tea.
The patient must be kept perfectly quiet, and except most
moderate exercise, all exertion for some considerable time
after recovery should be avoided.
HAMATURIA,
Signifying bloody urine, is occasionally observed in ‘canine
practice.
Causes.—External violence across the loins, as falls,
bruises, undue strain on the part or parts immediately con-
nected with the kidneys; it also frequently occurs from cal-
culi, either renal, cystic, or urethral, which, through impeding
the flow of urine, set up inflammatory action, or by their ir-
regular edges wound the inner coat of the part in which they
may be located, and thus cause the discharge of blood.
Symptoms.—Pain in voiding urine, tenderness and heat in
the renal region of the loins. Blood may be discharged with-
out urination, during urination, or subsequent to it, each being
dependent upon the seat of hemorrhage.
Miller, in his “ Practice of Surgery,” observes: ‘The
renal source of the hamorrhage is known by the blood being
diffused equally through the urine ; by the expelled fluid con-
taining cylindrical portions of fibrine, like small worms, the
result of coagula in the ureter—sometimes colorless, some-
times of a pale pink hue; by the appearance of blood being
preceded and accompanied by pain and heat in the loins, and
?
* Small doses ef the potassio-tartrate of antimony are very useful
( Gamgee).
108 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
other renal symptoms ; and more especially when such symp-
toms are present on one side only.”
“Vesical hemorrhage may be so profuse as to furnish
blood tolerably pure from the urethra. And in general this
variety of hematuria may be known by the blood not being
mixed with the urine ; the latter fluid. passes off first, tolera-
bly pure ; and the blood comes last, more or less changed by
mixture with the residue of the urine. It is also known by
the absence of renal symptoms, and by the presence of un-
doubted signs of stone in the bladder, or other disease of that
viscus, or of affection of the prostate.
“ From the Urethra.—In this case there is absence of both
renal and vesical symptoms ; the blood passes pure, irrespec-
tive of any desire to evacuate the bladder.”
Treatment.—Hematuria demands prompt and active meas-
ures ; nothing irritative must be administered, drastic purga-
tives, and especially diureties, should be strictly avoided. The
preparations of iron and barks are the most suitable agents
for this disease. Mucilaginous drinks, as thick barley-water,
solution of gum acacia, or beef-tea thickened with isinglass,
can be given freely, together with the use of hot fomentations
or linseed-meal poultices to the loins ; or counter-irritants, as
mustard or ammonia embrocations. Sedative enemas may
also be administered where the irritation is considerable.
Bleeding, under all circumstances, is unnecessary, and is
strongly contra-indicated.
RENAL CALCULI.
Occasionally stones are found in the kidney of the dog,
composed chiefly of uric acid, ammonia, or phosphate of lime,
and containing, as a nucleus, some foreign matter. Renal
calculi vary in shape, sometimes being oval and an exact cast
of the pelvis of the kidney, at others irregular in shape and
variously formed, according to the position they had occu-
pied.
\
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS, 109
The presence of renal calculi create more or less irritation
.of the kidney, and when, by their growing dimensions, pres-
sure on the substance of the gland is produced, this irritation
is considerably increased, inflammatory action arises, and sup-
puration follows.
Symptoms.—There is generally an irritable condition of
the stomach, and the animal frequently vomits. In walking
he moves with a stiff straddling gait, and evinces tenderness
on applying pressure to the lumbar region; the urine is gen-
erally voided with pain, in small quantities, and mingled at
times with blood, mucus, or pus ; considerable febrile disturb-
ance is present, rapid emaciation ensues, and death sooner
or later takes place from exhaustion, nephritis, or uremic poi-
soning.
When at first the calculi is small, oval, and smooth, it may
descend by the ureter to the’ bladder without exciting any
great disturbance, and be voided from thence again, or it may
remain in the bladder, and in the course of time give rise to
cystic irritation. ,
M. Latour records the following case of renal calculi in
the dog: “Seized with pain, August 20, 1827. He barked
and rolled himself on the ground almost every minute ; he
made frequent attempts to void his urine, which came from
him drop by drop. When compelled to walk, his hind and
fore-legs seemed to mingle together, and his loins were bent
with a perfect curve; his flanks were drawn in; he could
scarcely be induced to eat; and he evidently suffered much
in voiding his faeces. Mild and demulcent liquids were his
only food ; warm baths and injections were applied almost
unceasingly, and in eight days he seemed to have perfectly
gained his health. In March of the following year the symp-
toms returned with greater intensity. His hind legs were
drawn after him, he rapidly lost flesh, and his howlings were
fearful and continuous. The same mode of treatment was
adopted without any good effect.” A calculus weighing 126
grains, and composed of-urate of ammonia, and phosphate and
‘
IIo THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG,
oxalate of lime, was found in the pelvis of the kidney. The
kidney itself was increased in size fourfold, the mucous mem-
brane covered with ecchymoses, and the walls of the bladder
thickened.—Moore. a
A case of renal calculi, received from Mr. Clark, of Isling-
ton, is mentioned in the Veterinarian, March, 1869. “No
history of the case was given, but the morbid specimen is in
itself of considerable interest. In both kidneys there are
several small calculi, the largest of the size of a horse-bean,
lodged in the pelvic cavities,’
“Preaimint. —This consists chiefly i in palliative measures.
Opiates may be given when pain is present ; the patient may
also be placed in a hot bath, or counter-irritation applied to
the loins. Mild diuretics and laxatives encourage the descent
of the calculi, as also do mucilaginous drinks and sharp
exercise.
CYSTITIS,
Or inflammation of: the bladder, is, occasionally met with in
canine practice. :
Causes.—Mechanical injuries, chronic inflammation of the
kidneys, or stricture of the urethra, local irritation from the
presence of calculi, worms, or the administration of can-
tharides or turpentine, blows, falls, or crushes on a distended
bladder, etc. ;
Symptoms.—Considerable uneasiness, with symptoms of
colic. The animal frequently looks towards the flanks, which
are exceedingly tender on both sides; the urine is voided
sparingly and with great pain, it may be clear and high-color-
ed, clouded and thick, bloody, or mingled with mucus and
pus. Considerable sympathetic fever is present, and fre-
quently vomiting, and obstinate constipation. There is intense
thirst throughout.
Mr. Youatt, in writing on this subject, observes: “ Inflam-
mation of the bladder is of frequent occurrence in the dog ; it
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. IIr
is also occasionally observed in the horse and the ox. It
sometimes appears as anepizootic. It is generally announced
by anxiety, agitation, trembling of the hinder limbs, frequent
attempts to urinate, vain efforts to accomplish it, the evacua-
tion small in quantity, sometimes clear and aqueous, and at
_ others mucous, laden with sediment, thick and bloody:
escaping by jets, painfully and with great difficulty, and then
suddenly rushing out in great quantity. To this list of
symptoms colic may often be added. The animal drinks with
avidity, but seldom eats much, unless at the commencement
of the complaint. The skin is hard and dry, he looks at his
flanks, and his back and flanks are tender when pressed upon.
“During the latter part of my connection with Mr. Blaine,
this disease assumed an epidemic character. There was a
very great drought through almost every part of the country.
The disease was characterized by general uneasiness ; con-
tinual shifting of the posture ; a tucked-up appearance ; an
anxious countenance ; a quick and noisy pulse ; continued
panting ; the urine voided in small quantities, sometimes
discharged drop by drop, or complete stoppage of it. The
belly hot, swelled, and tender to the touch; the dog
becoming strangely irritable, and ready to bite even his
master,
“rst May, 1824.—Two dogs had been making ineffectual.
attempts to void their urine for nearly two days. The first
was a terrier and the other a Newfoundland. The terrier was
bled, placed in a warm bath, and an aloetic ball, with calomel,
administered. He was bled a second time in the evening,
and a few drops of water were discharged. On the following
day the urine slowly passed involuntarily from him; but
when he attempted to void any, his efforts were totally
ineffectual. Balls composed of camphor, pulv. uva ursi,
tinct. ferri mur., mass purg., and pulyv. lini. et gum arab.,
were administered, morning, noon, and night. On the 5th
the urine still passed involuntarily. Cold lotions were
employed, and.tonic and, astringent medicines administered,
112 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
with castor-oil. He gradually got well, and no trace of the
disease remained, until June 6th, when he again became thin
and weak, and discharged much bloody urine, but apparently
without pain. The uva ursi, oak bark, and powdered gum-
arabic were employed. On the 12th he had become much
better, and so continued until the 1st of July, when he again
exhibited the same complaint more violently than before.
He was exceedingly tender on the loins, and screamed when
he was touched. He was bled, returned to his uva ursi, and
powdered gum, and recovered. I saw him two years after
apparently well.
“The Newfoundland dog exhibited a similar complaint
with nearly the same accoinpaniments.
“ May 1st.—He was disinclined to move; his belly was
hard and hot, and he was supposed to be costive. Gave an
aloetic ball with iron.
“ 2d.—He has endeavored in vain several timés to void
his urine. He walks stiffly with his back bound. Subtract
eight ounces of blood, give another physic, and apply cold
effusion to the loins.
_ “3d.—He frequently attempts to stale, and passes a little
urine at each time ; he still walks and stands with his back
bound. Syr. oan et rhamni with tinct. ferri. mur., a large
spoonful being given morning and night.
“ath.—He again tries, ineffectually, to void his urine,
Mist. et pulv.
“ sth.— Unable to void a drop of urine ; nose hot; tongue
hangs down ; pants considerably ; will not eat; the counte-
nance has an anxious character. Bleed to twelve ounces;
apply cold effusion. Medicine as before, with cold effusion.
“6th.—Appears to be in very great pain ; not a drop of
water has passed from him. Medicine and other treatment
as before. In the evening he lay down quietly.
“On the next morning he was found dead. All the viscera
were sound except the bladder, which was ruptured ; the
abdomen contained two quarts of bloody fluid. The mucous
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS, 113
membrane of the bladder appeared to be in the highest state
of inflammation. It was almost black with extravasated
blood. On the neck of the bladder was an enlargement of
the size of a goose’s egg, and almost filling the cavity of
the pelvis. On cutting into it more than two ounces of pus
escaped.
“On June 29, 1833, a poodle was brought to me. He had
not been observed to pass any urine for two days. He made
frequent attempts to void it, and cried dreadfully. The bladder
could be felt distended in the abdomen. I put him into a
warm bath, and took from him a pound of blood ; he seemed
to be alittle relieved. I did not leave him until after midnight,
but was soon roused by his loud screams, and the dog was
also retching violently ; the cries and retching gradually abated,
and he died. The bladder had burst and the parietes were
in a fearful state of inflammation.
‘A dog had labored under incontinence of urine more
than two months. ‘The water was continually dropping from
him. The servant told me that, three months before, he had
been shut into a room two days, and, being a cleanly animal,
he would not stale until he was liberated ; soon after that the
incontinence of urine was observed. I gave the usual tonic
balls, with a small portion of opium, night and morning, and
ordered cold water to be frequently dashed on the perinzeum.
A month afterwards he was quite well.”
Treatment.—I cannot agree with Youatt in the adoption of
depletive measures, especially when carried to such an extent
in the abstraction of blood. In very acute cases moderate
local venesection, by the application of leeches to the peri--
nzum, is at times attended with benefit. More good, however,
will be derived from hot loin baths—this, again, is opposed to
his cold-water treatment. The latter I am at all times averse
to in the primary stages of acute inflammations, for a little
reflection will make it apparent that such applications aid in
maintaining the very condition we are endeavoring to relieve,
viz., the congested state of the affected part.
8
114. THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOC.
With ‘regard to internal measures—diluent drinks, as
barley-water, solution of gum arabic, milk and isinglass, and
the like, are best adapted to the case. To relieve the pain
and correct the acidity of the urine, I prescribe the following
‘pill:
OPIUM nce auiekrcemnh ey tas aed I grain.
Sodze ‘Cath. ........ ccc eee ee ', ro grains.
Once, twice or three times a day.
Oleaginous aperients and emollient clysters may be ad-
ministered if necessary. Perfect quietude is to be maintained,
as much as it is possible to do so in so restless a patient.
The diet is partly supplied in the diluent drinks prescribed,
beef-tea or mutton broth may be added if requisite.
When the animal is unable to urinate, and there is reason
to believe distention of the bladder exists, the catheter should
be passed without delay.
CHRONIC CYSTITIS
may be a sequel of the former, or depend upon some func-
tional or organic derangement of the bladder or its adjacent
parts. A mechanical impediment to the exit of urine may be
produced by enlargement of the prostate, or from stricture at
the neck of the bladder, or stone, resulting ultimately in the
disease mentioned.
Symptoms.—The animal moves stiffly, with an arched back
and straddling gait. The efforts to urinate are frequent and
painful, the urine is mingléd with mucus, and has an offensive
odor: occasionally there is an admixture of pus and blood.
There is always more or less constitutional disturbance,
finally the kidneys become Cee and the animal wastes
and dies a lingering death. ,
Treatment, —This consis's, in the first place, in removing
the cause. If there is stone, its removal is indicated—if strict-
ure, passage of the catheter is required. Disease of the | pros-
tate may be alleviated, but is rarely cured.
DISEASES OF THE ‘URINARY ORGANS, 115
With regard to ‘remedies for the disease, small doses of
opium ‘combined ‘with iron. forms the best medicinal -treat-
ment.
OUI ics uteeesiardiveacs, b Sead ouen Na aint « Y% grain.
7 Ferri Sulph. ......-...6..s ese sees ‘we. 8 grains.
Otie dose, twice ‘daily.
Alkalies are also useful, as the citrate of potash or carbon-
ate of soda; either will be readily lapped in milk. Mucila-
ginous drinks should be freely given, and the diet be much
the same as in the acute form, only more generous. Paint-
ing the perinzzsum with iodine, or, in protracted cases, pencil-
ling with nitrate of silver, is attended with considerable bene-
fit. If there is much pain, thin gum mucilage to which a
grain of opium is added, or a decoction of poppies, may be
injected in the bladder.
CYSTIC CALCULI.
Stone in the bladder of the dog is probably more frequent
than is suspected, though the records in canine literature are
few.
Mr. Blaine mentions a case of a Newfoundland dog, in the
bladder of which he found from forty to fifty calculi. (See
p- 122.)
Mr. Youatt observes: “Of the nature and causes of
urinary calculi in the bladder we know very little. We only
know that some solid body finds its way, or is formed, there,
gradually increases in size, and at length partially, or entirely,
occupies the bladder. Boerhaave has given a singular and
undeniable proof of this. “He introduced a small round peb-
ble into.the bladder of the dog. The wound perfectly healed.
A-few months afterwards the animal was killed, and there
was found a calculus of considerable size, of which the peb-
ble was the nucleus.”
116 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
The following interesting cases are recorded by Messrs,
Gowing and Son, in the Veterinarian, March and August,
1869: ,
“NUMEROUS CALCULI IN THE BLADDER OF A DOG FOURTEEN
MONTHS OLD, PRODUCING DISTENSION AND CONGESTION
OF THE ORGAN, AND DEATH.
“On Friday, February 12th, 1869, we were requested to
visit a beautiful specimen of the King Charles breed, fourteen
months old, which was reported to be unwell. The owner sup-
posed him to be laboring under an impacted condition of
the bowels ; and, as a domestic remedy, he had administered
a small dose of castor-oil, but this not having the desired
effect, and the dog becoming worse and indicating much pros-
tration of strength, the owner applied to us. Upon inquiry
into the case we found that the dog had not passed any faeces
for a day or two, neither had he urinated, although he had
made frequent attempts. -The first time he was observed to
have any difficulty in urinating was about ten days previous
to the application to us, when he passed from the bladder a
considerable quantity of dark-colored fluid.. After that he -
_ made frequent attempts and was not able to pass any more.
On Friday night, February 12th, the dog was in excessive
pain, so much so that the owner had to walk the room with
him to tranquillize him. It appears that the dog could not
rest, but was constantly crying out and moaning.
“The animal had been, we learned, fed upon luncheon-
biscuits, with such meat as they partook of in the house ;
occasionally, also, he had a little liver and horse-flesh. He
was frequently allowed a bone to play with, but never broke
them up or ate them.
“Upon examination the bladder was found much dis-
tended, so much so as to cause a bulging out of the peri-
nzeum.
“ Treatment.—A mild purgative was administered, and stim-
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 117
ulants were ordered to be given at intervals ; gentle pressure
was applied to the bladder by compressing on either side the
walls of the abdominal cavity, but without producing the
effect of emptying the viscus. An injection was also given,
consisting of oil with soap and water; and the pain still
continuing, hot flannels were applied to the abdomen fre-
quently.
“The dog being a favorite, and the owner anxious, the
treatment was pursued to meet his wishes, although it was
considered that there was no hope of the animal’s recovery.
He died on Saturday morning, February 13th.
“ Post-mortem Lxamination.—The abdomen was opened
down to the pubis, and part of the pelvis was removed. The
bladder and other parts of the urinary organs were dissected
out entire.
“The bladder was observed to be dark in color over the
whole surface, from intense congestion. Upon making a sec-
tion into the viscus, there escaped a quantity of deep, dark-
colored fluid, and also two calculi about the size of large peas,
spherical in shape, and upon further examination, intermingled
with some mucus, there were seen numerous small ones of a
seed-like character ; one of a larger size was found to have
passed into the urethral canal, and there being perfectly im-
pacted, had resisted all efforts of the animal or contraction of
the bladder to overcome the obstruction. This appeared to
be the immediate cause of death.
“The extensively-distended condition of the bladder ap-
peared also to interfere with the action of the rectum.
“ Examination of the Diseased Structures.—The organs
which Messrs. Gowing and Son sent. for inspection were the
generative organs, with fhe bladder, kidneys, liver, and in-
testines, all of which, excepting the bladder, were normal. In
the interior of this viscus, the morbid changes were very
marked, the whole of the mucous membrane was intensely
congested, and in many places patches of extravasated blood
were firmly adherent to the surface. A quantity of dark-red
118 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
fluid. was taken, from the. bladder, and set aside for further. ex-
amination. The most. remarkable feature of the’ morbid.
changes was. the existence of a large number.of small calculi,
varying in size from a. pin’s point to a large pea, principally
clustered in. the neck of the bladder, which was quite black in
color, on account of the quantity of effused blood in the sub-.
mucous tissues. In the urethral canal, which was cut open,
the lining. membrane was much, congested, but there. was no
calculus, excepting. the one to which Mr. Gowing alludes,
and. which was the direct cause of, the fatal, termination of the
disease.
“ Microscopic Examination of the Urine, and the Calculous
Concretions—The dark-colored fluid. which was removed from.
the bladder contained a considerable. quantity of. blood:;. this
was evident at once from the presence of large coagula ; and.
under the microscope the blood-discs were. very abundant ;
besides these there were epithelial cells, a, quantity of. amor-
phous matter, and: some large crystals of triple phosphate.
From the result of the microscopic examination of the urine
there was good,reason to conclude.that.the calculi were prin-
cipally composed. of the, triple phosphates ; but in order to
determine the point some of. them were.submitted to examin-
ation. In form.the bodies, were spherical or. polygonal, the
color nearly white. or light. yellow, the surface, to the unas-
sisted,eye, appeared, smooth, but under. a magnifying. power.
of thirty diameters it was irregular, in consequence of numer-
ous projecting angles. of:crystals, some of which had become
rounded off from attrition. The calculi were unacted:upon
by water, and.also by caustic potash, but. dissolved readily in
acetic acids, and in the mineral acids ; the addition of a little
ammonia to the acid solution. caused an abundant white pre-
cipitate, which was found, under the microscope, to consist of
phosphate of lime, with stellate crystals of triple phosphate.
It was.therefore evident.that the concretions consisted: of this
salt, in combination with phosphate of. lime. The causes
which led to the deposit are not apparent. in the history of
DISEASES QF THE URINARY ORGANS. 11g
the case, but there is no doubt that the urine was highly
charged with phosphatic matter, and, it may be, rendered
alkaline, probably from mal-assimilation ; and.in such a state
of the fluid the phosphate cannot, be maintained in solution.
“Our limited literature on this subject does not permit us
‘to refer to many instances of calculus.in the urinary organs
of the dog ; but two cases occur to us, both possessing some
points of. interest, One instance. of vesicular calculus is re-
corded by the. late Professqy Morton in his pamphlet on
‘Calculous Concretions.’ ‘The, animal affected with the dis-
ease was a very small, spaniel ; the, calculus was so large as
to nearly fill the bladder, and was felt easily through the.
walls of the abdomen. The next case was one. of renal cal-
culi,* forwarded to us by Mr. Clarke, of Islington. No his-
tory of the case was given, but the morbid specimen is in
itself of. considerable interest. In both kidneys there are
several small calculi, the largest is of the. size of a horse-
bean, and is lodged in the pelvic cavities. In composition,
all these concretions from the several dogs are closely,
allied.” .
“ RETENTION OF, URINE, ASSOCIATED WITH CALCULI IN THE
BLADDER OF A.BITCH OF THE KING CHARLES BREED, AGED
TEN, YEARS.
“ By Messrs. Gowing and S01, M.R.C.V.S., Camden Town.
“The bitch was observed to be dull and off her appetite
for the last three or four days. Some time previously she
had tried-to urinate, passing a drop or two occasionally, but
no effort could produce a full stream, and lately it was re-
ported that her endeavors were futile, none being passed.
Upon examination of the parietes of the abdomen the bladder
was found to be distended. Accordingly an attempt was.
made to. pass a catheter, but without success. The animal
* Already alluded to in “ Renal Calculi.”.
120 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
was ordered a warm bath, and a small dose of castor-oil mix-
ture. The stomach being irritable this was returned, and the
dog getting no better was brought to the infirmary on Tues-
day evening, July 6th. Upon examination, some calcareous
matter was found adhering to the lower part of the vulva, and
the bladder was distended with urine.
“It was now determined to attempt the passing of the
catheter again—this time the operation was attended with
success, after considerable difficulty. The catheter being
passed into the bladder, the urine- continued to flow through
the instrument in a full stream, until six ounces of a some-
what dirty, pale-colored, turbid and alkaline fluid had been
drawn off. The bitch seemed now much relieved ; she was
ordered beef-tea, and returned to her owner, an old lady up-
wards of seventy years of age, who was much gratified at the
relief her pet had experienced. The owner was requested to
report to me the following day the condition of the animal
(no medicine was ordered). On the following morning, July
7th, her friend, Dr. George, called, and stated that the bitch
was much prostrated, and that sickness was constant if any
thing’ was taken into the stomach. An hydrocyanic acid mix-
ture was ordered, but this being objected to,.a mixture of
creosote in minimum doses was substituted. After two or
three doses of the mixture the sickness subsided to some ex-
tent. Beef-tea and brandy were ordered as a support, and
beef-tea injections, but the animal died the following morn-
ing.
_ “ £ost-mortem,—Upon removing the abdominal viscera
the stomach was found slightly tinged with red.; the intes-
tines and spleen were healthy ; the liver somewhat congest-
ed; the lungs were in a congested state, probably from gravi-
tation of the blood ; the right ventricle and auricle of the
heart were full of dark, coagulated blood; the bladder was
contracted, and contained no urine; its coats appeared thick-
ened ; and on making a section to examine the state of the
mucous membrane two ‘calculi’ were observed possessing
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. I2t
spines, or spiculated points ; such an arrangement is very
unusual. The concretions must have been a source of irrita-
tion to the organ, and would account for the pain and diffi-
culty of urinating the bitch had experienced for nine months.
“ From the results of many fost-mortem examinations, we
are led to conclude that cystic calculus in the dog is of much
more frequent occurrence than has hitherto been supposed.
“TMessrs. Gowing and Son forwarded the morbid parts
of the bitch for examination. The calculi were so peculiar
in form that we deemed them worthy of an illustration.
Chemically the concretions are composed of triple phosphate.
Physically the prisms are arranged on very fine plates, and
stellate masses, as shown in the drawing of. one of the cal-
culi, magnified five diameters and outlined with the camera.
\ mn
A WPA rr - " x
CYSTIC CALCULUS (TRIPLE PHOSPHATE) FROM THE BLADDER OF A BITCH.
® (MAGNIFIED FIVE DIAMETERS.)
“ A small quantity of the contents of the bladder, having
the appearance of pus, was also sent ; the color and consist-
ency of the fluid, however, were found under the microscope
to depend not upon purulent contamination, but entirely upon
the presence of an abundant precipitate of ammonio-magne-
sian phosphate, the prismatic crystals of which were very
large and well-defined. A quantity of the same deposit cov-
122 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
ered the lining membrane of the bladder, the walls of which
were thickened. The pelvis of the right kidney was much
dilated, but these organs were otherwise healthy.
“Messrs. Gowing’s view of the frequency of calculous
concretions in the dog is supported by the results of their own
practice. We are indebted to them for several very interest-
ing cases, but none more so than the one which is recorded
in the present number of the journal. ]”— Veterinarian.
RETENTION OF URINE.
This may proceed from‘paralysis of either the muscular coat
of the bladder, the result of protracted distension, and though
this is rare in dogs, who, by habit, are continually urinating,
yet there are some who, from customary cleanliness, would,
if confined, retain their urine to their own pain rather than
misbehave themselves ; or it may occur from compression of
the urethra by enlargement of the prostate gland, or bruises
to the perineum, calculi in the urethra or bladder, urethritis,
stricture, blood-clots, diseased penis, imperforate urethra,
paralysis, may each severally act as causes of retained urine.
Mr. Blaine records a case of death in a Newfoundland
dog, from the bladder of which he took forty or fifty calculi.
He observes: “ Death in this instance was occasioned by the
obstruction to the passage of urine by means of these stones.”
A short time since, I had an opportunity during a profes-
sional call on the gentleman to whom this work is dedicated,
of seeing what had been a case of retention of urine, in a fox
terrier puppy, a few days old, due to an imperforate prepuce.
This had been removed by his medical attendant, W. Hasle-
hurst, Esq., by slitting the prepuce along from its under sur-
face tothe end. The case did well, and the puppy was
reared,
Symptoms.—The animal exhibits great restlessness, he is
continually and vainly endeavoring to urinate ; he moves un-
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 123
easily- about, and with a straddling gait. When lying down
he performs the act with extreme care, and moans or emits a
sharp cry after the effort. The abdomen is enlarged, hot, and
tense to the feel. As the case advances, the pain, increases,
' there is repeated straining, with retching and vomiting ; the
pulse becomes rapid and small; the breathing hurried ;
-tongue dry and furred ; the poor animal looks piteously at
its master, gazes from time to time at its flanks, finally reels
about, becomes comatose, and dies. ,
Treatment.—lf the bladder be emptied, immediate relief
is afforded, but this is often only temporary, the urine is
quickly secreted again, and often with the same result ; watch-
fulness is therefore necessary. If the patient be not thus
relieved, the intense pressure on the bladder gives rise to
acute inflammation or paralysis, decomposition of the urine
takes place, sloughing of the coats of the bladder follow,
ultimately they give way, and the contents are poured into
the abdominal cavity.
The passage of the catheter is necessary in all cases where
the retention occurs from mechanical impediment to the out-
ward flow of urine. ,
When the retention results from urethritis, leeches, hot
fomentations, loin baths, opiates, mucilaginous drinks and
emollient clysters are the measures to be adopted.
The same treatment will apply to retention. of urine, owing
to bruises of the perinzeum.
Imperforate urethra, or prepuce, requires immediate open-
ing.
Retention from paralysis necessitates the use of the cathe-
ter, which should be repeated from time to time; but it is
advisable not to withdraw the whole contents at first, other-
wise collapse without contraction is likely to ensue ; a small
quantity of urine left in is more likely to stimulate the organ,
and by its warmth aid in restoring it to a natural condition.
Strychnine or nux vomica is, in such cases, exceedingly use-
ful.
124 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
When the retention takes place from disease of the penis,
other than urethritis, as warty growths, an operation for the
removal of the impediment is necessary. (See “ Warts on
’ the Penis.’’)
Youatt quotes a singular case of retention of urine, caused
by the presence of a worm in the urethra.
M. Séon, veterinary surgeon of the Lancers of the Body-
guard, was requested to examine a dog who strained in vain
to void his urine, often uttering dreadful cries, and then
eagerly licking his penis. M. Séon, after having tried in vain
to abate the irritation, endeavored to pass an elastic bougie.
He perceived a conical body, half an inch long, protruding
from the urethra with each effort of the dog to void his urine,
and immediately-afterwards returning into the urethra. He
crushed it with a pair of forceps, and drew it out. It proved
to be a worm resembling a strongylus, four and a half inches
long. It was living, and moving about. M. Séon could not
ascertain its species. The worm being eae the urine
flowed, and the dog soon recovered.* _
PARALYSIS OF THE BLADDER.
This cystic condition may occur from protracted distension
of the bladder, owing to the retention of urine ; or from local
or general paralysis, the result of epinal | injury, or other and
debilitating diseases.
Many dogs, from habits of cleanliness, will not urinate
except out of doors, an illustration of which has already been
given in the section on “ Cystitis.” The muscular coat of the
bladder being thus overstretched, and the strain on it pro-
longed, it becomes paralyzed. So that when liberty is ac-
* Prat. Méd. Vét., Fév. 1828.
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 125
corded to the animal, the evacuation cannot take place, and
unless speedy assistance is rendered, serious mischief will
ensue,
-Lreatment—This consists in frequently relieving the
bladder with the catheter, but for reasons previously observed,
in retention of urine the whole contents should not at first
be removed. We must then endeavor to impart tone to the
system by the administration of tonics, The best agents for
the purpose are strychnine or nux vomica, alone or combined
with iron. Counter-irritation to the perineum is sometimes
serviceable.
The diet should be chiefly liquid, nourishing and muci-
laginous.
CHAPTER VIII.
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.
BALANITIS, INVERSION OF THE
WARTS ON THE PENIS, UTERUS,
SCROTAL IRRITATIONS, ULCERATION OF THE
ENLARGED TESTICLE, UTERUS,
INVERSION OF THE VA- HERNIA OF THE UTERUS,
GINA, DROPSY OF THE UTERUS,
POLYPUS IN THE VAGI- FATTY DEGENERATION
NA, OF THE OVARIES.
INFLAMMATION OF THE
UTERUS,
BALANITIS,
Signifying inflammation of, and discharge of matter from, the
mucous membrane of the prepuce, is an affection which dogs
are frequently troubled with.
Causes.—Balanitis is usually due to the secretion of acrid
matter within the prepuce, and is more especially induced by
a plethoric habit of body. It may also co-exist with a relaxed
and anemic condition of system.
Symptoms.—Considerablé irritation of the part, denoted
by the animal frequently licking it ; a thick yellow discharge
is continually present. On examination the part will be
found red, swollen, and exceedingly sensitive. The prepuce
is always more or less protruded, erections are frequent, and
urination is performed at times with pain.
(126)
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. =. 127
Treatment.—This consists in first bathing the parts with
warm water until thoroughly cleansed, and then applying a
weak solution of nitrate of silver, or acetate of lead.
If the animal is plethoric, a dose of aperient medicine is
advisable. If anzmic, tonics should be given, and liberal
but unstimulating diet allowed,
Occasionally the same condition exists in bitches, and
may be removed by the same measures.
WARTS ON THE PENIS.
These are not unfrequent in the dog. They may be the
result of the former complaint, or exist independently. There
may be only a single growth, or several isolated, or they may
be clustered together.
Treatment.—The seat of the affection having been ex-
posed, the excrescences may be removed by excision or liga-
ture, after which the parts should be slightly pencilled with
lunar caustic. When there is an excessive congregation of
warts and a large amount of mucous membrane is involved,
the repeated application of caustic or acetic acid will be the
safest remedy.
SCROTAL IRRITATION.
Dogs, especially aged ones, and those which have been
freely used for stud purposes, are frequently troubled with
irritation of the scrotum, which has been described by some
authors (in my opinion, wrongly,) as cancer.
Causes:—The irritation is due to a plethoric condition of
the scrotum. The circulation of blood in the integument
being excessive, an amount of congestion takes place, result-
ing in the irritation named, which Nature endeavors to re-
lieve by a serous exudation in the form of pimples.
128 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
Symptoms.—The first indications are those usually found
in all inflammatory processes, heat, redness, swelling, and
soreness. In the course of a few days minute pimples appear ;
these soon break and give exit to a thin watery fluid, which
‘becomes encrusted on the surface of the part, and is ultimately
thrown off, exposing either a dry or moist and inflamed sur-
face underneath, which is exceedingly sensitive. If not
properly dealt with at this stage, ulceration frequently follows,
the case becomes chronic, and when the soreness and raw-
ness is removed a thickened cartilaginous condition of the
scrotum remains behind.
' Treatment.—-When the earliest symptoms of the affection
are noticed a smart dose of aperient medicine should be ad-
ministered, and if the pimples have not appeared, three or
four leeches may be applied to the scrotum. If the animal is
small, one or two will be sufficient. On the following day
the parts may be frequently bathed with one part of vinegar
to twenty parts of cold water ; and when pimples have formed
and broken, a weak solution of the acetate of lead, ten grains
to the ounce of water, or the same quantity of glycerine forms
the best application, to be used twice or three times daily.
If ulceration takes place, the application of lunar caustic,
with alum or zinc ointment, are the measures indicated. A
surgical operation is rarely necessary. The diet should be
spare, unstimulating, and somewhat relaxing.
ENLARGED TESTICLES.
Occasionally the testicles become enlarged, and the en-
-largement may be associated with induration, with a consider-
able degree of insensibility, or, as is more frequently the case,
full, and exceedingly sensitive, giving to the touch a feel of
distension. The scrotum has a smooth, full, and shining
appearance, and is usually hot.
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 129
“Causes.—This condition may be either due to an excessive
demand on these organs in stud purposes, or from denial of
connection when brought in contact with the objects of de-
sire ; or it may result from injury, as blows, bruises, crushes,
etc.
Treatment,—If the enlargement is due to the.first-named
cause, rest, tonics (particularly the iodide of iron and potas-
sium), and nourishing food are indicated. If from the
second-named cause, Nature should without question be
allowed to follow her course, or relief by depletion from in-
ternal and local agents must be adopted. If it results from
the latter-named causes, antiphlogistic measures must be
had recourse to—aperient medicine, leeches, fomentations,
and quietude. Castration is occasionally necessary in the
last-named causes. but rarely if ever the former,
INVERSION OF THE VAGINA.
This is very commonly seen in bitches who have had
many litters of puppies, and who are of a relaxed and debili-
tated condition of system. It is frequently present during
the period of cestrum, and as frequently disappears with the
decline of that function.
Symptoms.—The presence or protrusion of a red, soft,
smooth body at the orifice of the vagina, easily returnable,
but which is again, unless proper means be restored to,
quickly re-inverted.* In chronic cases the tumor invariably
* In the bitch, inversion of the vagina has been sometimes mistaken
for a condylomatus tumor; and cases are recorded in which tumors
of this kind, protruding beyond the vulva, through insufficient examina-
tion have been mistaken for inversion. Inversion of the bladder has also
been confounded with that of the vagina. The pyriform kysts which
sometimes form in that canal, and contain a clear citron-colored fluid,
have likewise been sometimes confounded with inversion of the vagina.
To avoid errors which might have a serious tendency, a careful exam-
ination must be made, and nothing should be attempted in the way of
operation until the state of affairs is exactly determined.
9
130 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG,
remains persistent. Difficulty in micturition is ‘more or less
manifested, and febrile disturbance is occasionally present,
Long exposure to air gives the mucous membrane a some-
what leaden tint, and it becomes wrinkled and covered with
epithelium of a leathery nature.
Treatment.—After the return, by pressure, of the inver-
sion, which should be first thoroughly cleansed, the treatment
consists in the frequent application of cold water to the parts,
the injection of mild astringents (alum-water being the best),
and the administration of agents that will give tone to the
system, as the preparations of iron and bark. Where reten-
tion is difficult, a truss may be employed, or labial sutures ;
but in the bitch the latter are not advisable. Lacerations *
require strict attention, otherwise adhesions are liable to take
place, and a permanent inversion be the result. The diet
should be plain, unstimulating, and nutritious ; moderate
‘** When the submucous connective tissue of the vagina has been much
lacerated, and abnormal adhesions have taken place, then a recurrence of
the inversion is to be apprehended. This recurrence is, of course, most
likely to take place in chronic inversion, and all the skill and patience of
the veterinary surgeon will be required in dealing with such a case. At
times the accident has proved so troublesome, and retention has so baffled
. every attempt after reduction was effected, that amputation of the pro-
truded portion has been practised, and with success.
Rainard appears to have been the first to venture on this bold measure,
and he practised the operation several times on bitches. He ligatured
the entire inverted mass close to the vulva, in one case ; but as this gave
rise to intense fever, and when cured, the animal suffered from inconti-
nence of urine, he adopted another procedure. Instead of including the
whole of the tumor in one ligature, he divided the pedicle into three por-
tions, which he tied separately, so that each ligature only enclosed one
third of the mass. After tightening the ligatures the bitch was allowed
to run at large, the only attention it received being the injection of emol-
lient fluids into the vagina, and a smaller allowance of food. The pain
was much less in intensity and duration than in the first case, and the
tumor came away in fiye or six days, when recovery took place. Rain-
ard, however, advises immediate excision of the portion of the mass be-
yond the ligatures, when these have been drawn tight—Fleming’s “ Veter-
inary Obstetrics,” p. 603.
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 131
exercise daily is beneficial, as the protrusion is not so liable
to take place in the standing posture and during locomotion, .
as in the recumbent position. Constipation, or any of the
causes which produce straining, must be avoided.
POLYPUS IN THE VAGINA.
Polypus is occasionally met with in the vagina of bitches.
It consists in a pedicled tumor ,attached to some portion of
the vaginal walls.. It is generally situated some distance from
the orifice, and is usually observed when the animal is in a
lying posture. Sometimes it increases so much in size as to
be continually protruded, and the act of urination causes it
to be still more dependent.
Polypus may be confounded with uterine inversion, but a
careful examination will at once remove this doubt, as its at-
tachment can generally be felt.
Symptoms.—The tumor is usually pear-shaped, having a
pedicle, or stalk, as its base. It is smooth, glistening, mova-
ble and insensible when manipulated. It may be accompanied
by a purulent discharge, but, as a rule, there is simply an in-
crease in the secretion of mucus. It creates much incon-
venience in the act of urination, and when of considerable
size interferes with the evacuation of faces.
Lreatment—Removal by excision or ligature, which is
attended with but little danger or constitutional disturbance,
and the injection afterwards of astringents, with occasional
application of lunar caustic, if unhealthy action or fungus re-
sults.
INFLAMMATION OF THE UTERUS (METRITIS).
Bitches are not very frequently troubled with this affec-
tion. When it does happen, it is generally asssociated with
132 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE- DOG.
parturition, particularly if the labor be protracted, and un-
skilful or rough usage has been had recourse to.
It may proceed from external violence, as blows or falls,
or from the use of injudicious and excessive vaginal injections.
Symptoms.—Pain on pressure over the uterine region, and
also on examination per vaginam ; in the latter, the os uteri
will be found exceedingly sensitive and hot. Fulness of the
abdomen, and general inflammatory fever. \The animal is
prostrate, but afraid to lie down./ Vomiting is usually present,
and sometimes a purulent discharge, which becomes fcetid as
the disease proceeds, issues from the vagina, the labia of
which are tumefied and hot, and the animal frequently en-
deavors to urinate. {If metritis occurs at or after parturi-
tion, the secretion of milk is generally suspended. In such
a case there is a considerable tendency for the inflammation
to extend to the peritoneum| (metro-peritonitis), in which
the pain is more diffused, and peritonitic symptoms are
manifested.
Treatment.—The patient should be confined to.a comfort-
able, soft bed ; lying on hard, bare, or cold floors is exces-
sively injurious.
Opiates, containing 1 to 3 grains of the drug, with, if there
is much prostration, brandy and water, and warm baths to the
hind parts as far as the loins, or local fomentations, are the
measures most advisable. A weak watery infusion of opium,
tepid, may with benefit be injected in the uterus(but it is ne-
cessary to observe that extreme care should be uSed in insert-
ing the end of the pipe within the mouth of the inflamed
organ ; indeed, when the inflammation is excessive, it is
better to be content with gen#/e vaginal injection err may
be overcome by injections of a weak solution of tttbolic acid
ar chloride of zin
In severe cases, counter-irritation to the loins and abdomen
may also be adopted.
'The bowels should be gently moved with castor-oil, aided
by enemas. ]
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 133
The diet should consist of liquid, nourishing and mucilagin-
ous food. Small doses of iron are serviceable when the acute
symptoms have abated. (Quinine is also useful. |
INVERSION OF THE UTERUS.
This is not of very frequent occurrence, and is usually met
with in bitches which have parturiated several times, and in
which the organ is loose and flabby and the os uteri relaxed,
Tt is usually connected with protracted parturition, where
undue force or assistance has been used, or there has been
violent straining.
Symptoms.—Inversion of the uterus is denoted by the
protrusion of a round rough-surfaced body, which is easily
compressible ; the extent of the protrusion may be detected by
examining with the finger between the tumor and walls of
the vagina. If the inversion is protracted the organ becomes
discolored with a. pus-like exudation on its exposed surface,
and emits an offensive odor.
Treatment.—This consists in returning the uterus to its
proper situation, which should be done without delay, other-
wise its swollen and abnormal condition will render it next
to impossible. The operation is best effected by gentle pres-
sure on the centre of the fundus with a rod having the end
padded ; a little olive-oil or milk injected around and on the
organ will facilitate its return.
The after-injection of a weak solution of alum or zinc, and
the administration of an opiate, will assist in the retention of
the organ.
When, owing to protracted inversion, the uterus has be-
come enormously swollen, discolored and cold, and return is
impossible, excision will be necessary ; and this may be per-
formed either by a ligature round the neck of the organ,
gradually tightened every day, or direct removal with the
134 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
knife immediately before a tight ligature. The subsequent
treatment should consist in warm-water injections, with occa-
sionally chloride of zinc, laxative diet, and quietude.
ULCERATION OF THE UTERUS.
Is not very frequently met with in canine practice. The
“Veterinary Record,” vol. iii., gives the following :
“Three weeks before the time of parturition a bitch fell
from a height of four feet. Four or five days after, the animal
became sleepy, and the belly pendulous and painful. At a
later period the animal appeared very uneasy, and made fre-
quent shrill cries when the belly was pressed upon. At last
four puppies, one dead, were born. Severe fits came on,
attended by protrusion of the eyeballs and unconcious wan-
dering, and death ‘supervened.
“On examination after death, the peritoneum was found
inflamed, and there was dark-colored effusion. There were
two large unhealthy ulcers in one of the horns of the uterus,
perforating all the coats of the uterus, and opening into the
abdomen.” —J/oore.
Ulceration of the uterus may proceed from injuries, or the
presence of foreign bodies, as the retention of a fcetus.
Symptoms.—A sanious discharge frequently accompanies
it, there is frequent micturition, and the animal is occasionally
observed straining ; a desire for the male is also often mani-
fested. If the disease is extensive, considerable lassitude and
emaciation ensues, with a febrile disturbance. ;
Treatment.—Astringent injections, the administration of
tonics (particularly the tinct. ferri), a liberal diet, exercise and
cleanliness, are the measures chiefly to be observed.
Carbolic acid solutions, 1 to 40-50, are serviceable when
the discharge is offensive and profuse.
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS, 135
HERNIA OF THE UTERUS.
Hernia of the uterus is of rare occurrence in the bitch.
The following interesting case is recorded in the “ Veterina-
rian,” “April, 1871, by Mr. T. Corby, M.R.C.V.S., Hackney:
“ About the middle of February, a small terrier bitch was
brought to me, for the purpose of being destroyed, in conse-
quence of the existence of a large tumor just posterior to the
hindermost mammary gland, on the left side, the contents of
which appeared to be irregularly solid and partly movable.
The application of pressure caused considerable pain, besides
which the bitch was constantly straining, as if apparently re-
quiring to urinate ; smail quantities of urine, however, were
only passed, mixed with some fcetid and brown-colored matter
from the vagina. She was an old animal, had lost all appe-
tite, and was in an emaciated condition.
“The history given me of the case was that, about nine
months ago, the bitch had a litter of pups, soon after which a
swelling, about the size of a walnut, was noticed at the site
of the present tumor. The enlargement continued almost
unaltered in size until about four months ago, at which time
she was missed from her house for a few days. Soon after
her return the tumor began to increase in size, and the other
symptoms now present to slowly develop themselves.
“By manipulation a round hard body could be felt, partly
composing the tumor, which, considering the history of the
case, the form of the enlargement, and the nature of the vagi-
nal discharge, I came to the conclusion was the head of a
foetus.
“It having been determined to operate, with a view if
possible of still prolonging the animal’s life, she was put
under the influence of chloroform and the tumor opened. It
was found to contain a considerable portion of the uterus,
with one dead fcetus in it, having the head and fore parts
entire. The hinder portion of the body was, however, broken
136 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
up by decomposition, the parts remaining being very putrid
and rotten. After removing the foetus 1 endeavored to return
the uterus into the abdomen, but it was so swollen and thick-
ened throughout that I could not do so, and as her owner did
not wish her to suffer any further: pain she was destroyed. On
further examination the bladder was found not to be included
in the hernia, but greatly distended by pressure of its neck
between the brim of the pelvis and the anterior part of the
vagina. Besides these lesions there was little else which re-
quires special mention. Allied cases to this, in which hernia
of the uterus exists at the base, as it were, of one of the mam-
mary glands, are not uncommon, and are, I believe, usually
met with in old bitches. This is the first case coming under
my notice in which the protruded portion of the uterus con-
tained a foetus.”
DROPSY OF THE UTERUS.
. This uterine condition is occasionally met with in bitches
that have parturiated several times, are of gross habit, and
in which the function of cestrum has become a rare occur-
rence.
Symptoms.—Dropsy of the uterus may be confounded with
pregnancy, or other enlargement of the abdomen. Careful
examination, however, will detect a notable difference be-
tween it and either of the latter ; the absence of solid bodies,
and the usual hard and tense feel in the former, together with
its circumscribed shape and fluctuation, point out the improb-
ability of pregnancy or other abdominal enlargements...
In the “ Veterinarian ” for January, 1871, Messrs. Gowing
and Son record the following case:
“DISTENSION OF THE UTERUS OF A BITCH WITH PSEUDO-
PURULENT FLUID.
“On November 22d our attention was called to the con-
dition of a small, rough terrier bitch’ about ten years old.
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS, ; 137
The animal presented some of the appearances characteristic
of ascites ; the abdomen was enlarged, pendulous, and fluc-
tuating. There was much prostration, the action of the
heart was feeble, the breathing was accelerated, the appetite
was impaired, but the desire for drink was constant. It was
evident that the case was a hopeless one, and no attempt was
made to apply any treatment. The dog died on November
zgth. ,
“ The post-mortem examination did not reveal any lesion
of the internal organs, except the uterus, which was distended
with fluid ; this viscus we have forwarded for your inspection.
“TAs stated in Messrs. Gowing’s report of the case, the
uterus was distended with fluid ; the horns and the body of
the organ being about equally tense. When the walls of the
viscus were opened, the contained fluid was found to present
the ordinary characters of pus, being thick, yellowish-white
in color, and perfectly uniform in consistence. The lining
membrane of the uterus was softened and somewhat pulpy,
but no ulceration or other morbid change was observed.
Under the microscope the fluid was found to consist princi-
- pally of epithelial scales, with small exudation-corpuscles and .
blood-discs, but there were no pus-corpuscles. In the larger
mammalian animals, collections of fluid in the uterus is not
uncommon, and the condition is sometimes described as false
conception ; there is no reason, however, to conclude that
this abnormal secretion is in anyway connected with impreg-
nation.]”
FATTY DEGENERATION OF THE OVARIES.
In aged bitches of an obese disposition, and those which
have parturiated, there is a tendency to fatty degeneration in
organs otherwise not usually adipose.
A short time since, when making a fost-mortem examina-
_ tion of an aged Newfoundland bitch, belonging to the Rev.
138 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
S. C. Adam, of Wolverhampton, I was struck, when investi-
gating the generative organs, with the condition of the ovaries.
All that remained of the one was a hard, gritty substance the
size of a horse-bean, imbedded in a smooth, round tumor
of fat, the dimensions of a large walnut, and containing in
the centre a cyst.
The other resembled a granular, fatty mass, with a full-
developed ovum, ready to burst on the outside. The animal
had borne whelps, and was supposed (erroneously) then to be
pregnant. .
CHAPTER IX.
FUNCTIONS OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS,
(STRUM. BREEDING. PARTURITION.
CESTRUM.
CEstRuM, or the period at which sexual desires commence,
is in the bitch an irregular function. Some animals only be-
come so affected once or twice a year, while others do so
much oftener. A mastiff-bitch belonging to myself which up
to a late period in life proved barren, would almost at any
time allow connection.
The signs of cestrum are not long manifested, before at-
tention is attracted to the consequent change of condition and
manners of the animal. The usually morose bitch of savage
. disposition suddenly becomes gentle and inclined to caresses.
The presence of a strange dog, to which she has hitherto been
noted for her antipathy, increases her wish to fraternize, no
matter of how low degree the animal is ; every tempting pos-
ture will be exhibited, and every means exerted to attract his
notice and win his affections. The generative organs exter-
nally are full, vascular, and hot, a glairy discharge issues from
the vaginal orifice, which rapidly increases in quantity and
gradually changes in character, becoming first blood-stained,
and eventually blood itself under an altered condition. There
(139)
140 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
is also frequent micturition. The duration of cestrum is usu-
ally from ten to twenty days
During menstruation the animal is generally more or less
feverish, and it is therefore advisable, particularly in high-
bred bitches and those on which unusual care has been be-
stowed, that they should not unnecessarily be exposed to damp
and cold. Seclusion, except during the visit of the male, is
also prudent until the period has passed.
The food should be moderate, unstimulating, and if any
thing slightly relaxing.” °
The suspension of the discharge and return of the external
genitals to their ordinary size and sRape denote that the func-
tion is over.
BREEDING.
The subject of breeding is one requiring far more consid-
eration in the canine world than has hitherto been given to
it. In this work, wherein I have confined myself to narrow
limits, I shall only suggest the following remarks as worthy
of notice.
1. The sexes should be as proportionate in size as is com-
patible with safe breeding. ‘This for more than one reason
is desirable. Like begets like. A large sire generally pro-
duces offspring which the female is unable to give birth to,
Again, this incompatible mating is attended with danger to
the animals at the time of connection: I have frequently had
mastiff-bitches sent to my dogs, in which, from their de-
ficiency in height, it was impossible for the dog to perform
the act required of him without injury in various ways
2. During the period of cestrum the bitch. should be care-
fully secluded, for the canine race know no distinction, and
ignore all propriety at this season. Again, mental impression
is with them exceedingly strong; though I will not go so far
as to say a passion formed for a dog of low degree will have
FUNCTIONS OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. IqiI
its influence on offspring begat by other blood. But I do say,
and I do so from experience, that connection with conception,
particularly in maiden bitches, influences the marking ‘and
character of future litters.
I may give one instance as particularly illustrative of this
fact. A pure-bred white English terrier, belonging to my
brother, by mischance, had connection with a yellow-and-
white mongrel, to which she conceived, and in each of her
succeeding three litters, though put to stainless dogs purely
white, the whelps were marked precisely like the first litter,
. yellow and white !
When the bitch has been served, she should again be se-
cluded, for she will then be more likely to retain the impres-
sion of the dog she has been mated with, and not only so, but
danger of a second conception will be avoided. This may -
appear contrary to the laws of nature, but it is nevertheless a
fact that bitches will re-conceive.* Of this I have had ocular
demonstration. One instance I will give. A full-sized black-
and-tan terrier, belonging to a relative of mine at Abbots
Bromley, had: connection with a dog of the same species;
within an hour afterwards I saw her connected with a curly
* In the bitch, many observers have assured themselves that super-
foetation is by no means unfrequent. Rainard, Blaine, and others speak
of it. Blaine says: “I am disposed to think that bitches are capable of
: ‘superfoetation ; that is, they conceive more than once. If this is the case,
a bitch may copulate to-day, and become impregnated, and in a day or
two she may copulate again, and again become impregnated. This is not
frequent, I believe; but it certainly does happen, or we could not account
for the different periods at which the progeny sometimes appear. I have
known a week, and in one case even ten days, intervene between the pup-
pings ; but one or two days is not. at all uncommon. As a still more con-
vincing proof, the whelps often appear of different kinds.” (The italics
are mine.—J. W. H.) .
“ [t must be remembered that the bitch remains in ‘heat’ for three or-
four days, and will seek for repeated intercourse with the male during that
period. It must, therefore, either be concluded that the last intercourse
was the successful one, or that one or more ova were impregnated at each
copulation.” —Fleming’s “ Veterinary Obstetrics.” Anomalies in Gesta-
tion, p. 153.
142 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
half-bred black-and-white sheep-dog. When the period .of
parturition arrived, she gave birth to two wheips: one, to all
appearance, a pure-bred black-and-tan, the other a rough-
coated black-and-white whelp, double the size.
4. Dogs of close relationsh:p should never be mated. In-
and-in breeding is strongly objectionable, and cannot fail ta
produce, whether it is observed or not. enfeebled intellect,
deficiency in some organism, and lay the foundation for dis-
ease. What laws are brought to bear on animals existing in
their natural state no one can say. It may be, and ‘probably
is, for Nature ordains all things well, that there is an innate
principle with them in regard to this. Plain facts of this
breach of nature are continually in our own species brought
to light ; and in the canine race unaccountable outbreaks of
rabies in kennels where the in-and-in system of breeding
has been adopted, and other affections in park-deer,-under
similar circumstances, have not been few.
5. Breeding should not be allowed before either sex have
arrived at maturity. Early fruition stunts the growth, and
spoils the after symmetry of the animal. There are occa-
sionally exceptions to this rule. Young weedy bitches have
thickened out and improved after an early litter, but I must
again observe that as a rule such a system is not advisable.’
6. There is much diversity of opinion as to the number of
visits necessary for the inducement of pregnancy. This is,
however, dependent to some extent on the length of time con-
‘nection is continued. A bitch thoroughly lined, ze, a safe
connection established for from ten to fifteen minutes, is
generally sufficient for all purposes. There is, nevertheless,
no objection to a second visit on the following day. A third
I consider superfluous. 3 ;
7. Many and various are the opinions frequently volunteered
as to whether the bitch is in whelp. If she is placed on her
side or back after being fasted, and the region of the uterus
manipulated, the presence of certain oval bodies, the third or
fourth week after conception, can be pretty fairly distinguished
FUNCTIONS OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 143
by a scientific and practical man. In flatulent, gross dogs |
this is, however, not a very easy task, and the occasional
presence of ovarian tumors may be mistaken (and would be
in all probability by the uninitiated) for whelps.
The presence of milk in the teats towards the last week of
pregnancy is not to be depended upon by itself as a sign of
‘approaching parturition, as its secretion frequently takes
place after copulation, or cestrum without the latter, towards
and at the period of what should have terminated pregnancy.
In the mastaff bitch, Duchess, already alluded to, this
was always the case, so that eventually, when she did con-
ceive, I was in some doubt as to the fact until she had nearly
run the full time, when the alteration in her habits convinced
me to the contrary. Some animals carry their young so close,
ze. exhibit such slight signs of altered shape, as to render
the case still more obscure. A fortnight before Duchess
whelped I was most positively assured by numerous canine
individuals, including one of vast and long experience, and
who offered to bet five pounds on the event, that she was not
with young, and, further, that the glairy discharge she evacu-
ated was proof of the opinion. When the time arrived she gave
birth to thirteen whelps.
When, therefore, there is any doubt about the matter,
look to the habits of the bitch, and particularly towards the
approaching period of parturition. A drowsy condition, a
wish for seclusion, and in a place hitherto unnoticed,
should arouse our suspicions that parturition is likely to take
place.
PARTURITION.
I have now arrived at one of the most important subjects
contained in this work, and one that I should handle with far
more diffidence than I shall do, had my canine experience
been limited only to the treatment of disease. There are,
however, times at which Nature in the lower animals is com-
144 THE MANAGEMENT AND: DISEASES OF THE DOG.
pelled either to abandon her efforts to relieve, or accept
artificial aid ; and the act of parturition is one in which she
frequently needs human assistance, and that assistance it has
been my pleasure.frequently to give.
Mr. Blaine remarks: “Great numbers of dogs die every
year in bringing forth their young. A life of art has brought
the human curse upon them, and they seem, in common with
their female owners, to be doomed to bring forth in sorrow
and pain.”
Certainly, especially in breeds belonging to the pampered
house class, this is frequently the case. The same propensity
to fix their affections on animals considerably disproportionate
to themselves in size, appears as predominant in the canine
as in the human race, and life is oftentimes the forfeit paid for
such injudicious choice.
The period of pregnancy is from sixty-two to sixty-four days.
The first symptoms of approaching labor are denoted by fre-
quent urination and fzcal evacuation, due to nervous sympathy;
there is also extreme restlessness, the bitch seeks solitude,
where she will be found continually moving her position. The
external generative organs present a full and swollen appear-
ance ; from the vagina there issues a glariy, gelatinous dis-
charge, mingled immediately before the pains commence with
blood. At this period the animal should never be interfered
with ; indeed, it is only when it is manifest by protracted
straining and gradual prostration that there is an obstruction
to natural parturition, that man should then use his power.
-Many persons are oftentimes too hasty to exhibit their ob-
stetrical skill, or at all events from a mistaken kindness they
interfere far too soon. The time occupied in giving birth to
a whelp is frequently very considerable, and the intervals
between each one long. Were they not so, the prostration
would be so great that before the last birth could take place
‘death from syncope would result ; but an all-wise and merciful
Creator has ordained that even the lowest of His creatures
shall not suffer unlimitedly.
FUNCTIONS OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 145
The first throes are generally short and somewhat weak,
but as labor proceeds they become stronger, longer, and more
frequent.
When we are satisfied the bitch is unable of herself to
parturate, an examination should be carefully made with the
finger per vaginam., If a whelp is in the passage, with the
head and fore-feet presented, traction should be made on both.
If tail first, on the hind feet, If it is a breech-presentation,
which rarely happens, the hind leg should be secured and held
firmly, while the stern is pushed back. Delivery will usually
easily follow. :
In cases where the passage is small, and the parts powerfully
contracted, the warm bath is an ‘invaluable aid. Mr, Mayhew,
in one of his poetic flights of fancy, strongly condemns this
measure. He however appears to have forgotten, in his
arguments against it, that the contractions of the uterus, under
some circumstances, prove an obstacle to the removal of its
contents. Uterine inflammation, which he mentions as a
consequence of the warm bath, is far more likely to result
from neglected and rough assistance than the application of
warm water. The probability of the animal not surviving if
retained in it for an unlimited period, might reasonably be
expected, but with discretion on the part of the surgeon no
evil result may be feared. In fact my own experience on
this point is in exact opposition to the above authors. I
select the following from my list in illustration. A small,
rough toy terrier, several years old, was brought for my at-
tention in parturition. She had been in labor since the-
previous day, and it was her first pregnancy. The passage
was too small to insert more than the tip of the little finger ;
there were no pains, but the diagnostic foetal smell was
emitted. After administering a stimulant, I inserted a very
small forceps, and succeeded in laying hold of one foot, and
subsequently the other, but to no purpose—the whelp was
fixed. I then placed the bitch in a warm bath, keeping my
finger in the vagina. I soon detected a relaxation of its walls,
10
146 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE-DOG.
and by gradual traction, encouraged only once by a feeble
pain, I extracted the whelp, an unnaturally large one. A
little brandy was given to the bitch, after which she was
rubbed dry, placed in a basket, and made comfortable. In a
short time a dose of ergot was administered, the pains return-
ed and the birth of three more whelps took place without
mechanical assistance.
Mr. Mayhew exhibits a like prejudice to the ergot of rye
in promoting uterine contraction, and in this opinion he is
not alone. Again, however, I am at variance with him and
his disciples. We have had abundant proofs of the value.of
this agent in parturition, and of the evils of it in pregnant
cattle by procuring abortion which could be traced to no other
cause, not to doubt its power; and independent of the evi-
dence of eminent veterinarians and medical men as to its effi-
cacy, I have that of my own tests, which inno single case have
been attended with failure. In protracted labor, then, with
. weak throes, I strongly recommend the ergot with stimulants.
After parturition the bitch requires but little attention ;
quietude is generally all that need be observed; the custom
of continually inspecting the offspring and removing the bed
is injudicious, the natural instinct of the mother teaches her
to do all that is necessary, and however kind our intentions
may be, she is jealous of any interference, and prefers to be
left alone with her family.
In continuance of the subject, the means used to deliver
bitches in unnatural parturition are various. From Mr.
Fleming’s able work on “ Veterinary obstetrics” I extract the
following, and if more information on the subject is required,
I refer my readers to the book in question.
“With regard to the smaller animals, such as the bitch,
sow, sheep, and goat, in them we may often use the crotchet,
the ordinary forceps, or a small-sized model of the human
forceps with advantage. Various patterns are in use, some
of them fenestrated, others not; some resemble polypus-
forceps, while others again are grooved, serrated, or toothed
FUNCTIONS OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS, 147
at the ends of the blades. An essential which should not be
lost sight of in the forceps for such small animals as the bitch ~
or cat, is that the blades should be sufficiently long to seize
not only the head, but much, if not all of the body of the
foetus. If they are too short in the blades they cannot be
made to grasp sufficient of the foetus to remove it ; while the
joint being close to the vulva, or even within the vagina, is
likely to pinch the mucous membrane and cause considerable
pain.
“ Hill, of Wolverhampton, who has had extensive expe-
rience in this direction, uses a small and slightly modified
form of the human. forceps for bitches; there is a spring be-
tween the branches of the handle (Fig. 12).*
“Weber has proposed a forceps for these small animals,
and it has been preferred by some authorities to the ordinary
model. It is a modification of one for a long time employed
by Leblanc, which again was fashioned after an instrument
designed by Hunter. This is composed of an iron stalk, about
ten inches in length, with a wooden handle at one end and
two blades or bows at the other. On this stalk glides a long
enveloping metal tube, which, near the handle, has a wide
ferrule, or shield, that allows it to be pushed along by the thumb
of the hand holding the instrument, and thus to bring the
blades together. A nut, or female screw, running on a screwed
portion of the stalk, near the handle, is intended to assist the
pressure of the thumb when this is insufficient (Fig. 13). A
finger of the other hand introduced into the vagina guides the
instrument, and allows the part of the foetus to be seized to
* These forceps were made according to my directions for private use,
as will be perceived from Fig. 12. Thereis a spring between the handles,
consequently the instrument must be closed before it can be inserted. The ,
handles are then relaxed in proportion to the requirements of the case,
ie. to the vaginal distension necessary to pass the forceps on either side
behind the head of the pup. In small bitches, where the passage is much
contracted and it is difficult to manipulate with the fingers, the instru-
ment is useful in exerting a gradual strain on the wall of the vagina from
the spring pressure between the handles.
148 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
be reached by the operator, either with the view of extracting
the young creature or changing its al according to the
indications.
“Defays concludes that the forceps ‘employed by veteri-
nary surgeons in the accouchement of the smaller animals
should not be merely a reduction in size of those employed
in human practice, but ought to be something like that of
Palfin. It is most difficult, he truly says, to apply an instru-
ment in shape like that of the accoucheur’s ordinary forceps,
owing to the neck of the fcetus in carnivora being so thick,
and the difference in volume between it and the head far less
than in the human foetus ; so that, when the forceps is used,
the ends of the blades press on the neck, slip under the
throat, and the head escapes from them. To remedy this
imperfection he has made forceps with extremity of the
blades notched or hollowed out (Fig. 14), while the head of
one of the branches has a piece of metal with a slot in it,
‘attached by a hinge, and which is intended to hold the
blades together when the fcetus is seized.
“Though this forceps has sometimes proved of service,
yet cases occur in which it is not so useful.
“When the bitch.is large, or of moderate size, forceps may
be employed with advantage, though they must be of various
dimensions. But when the animal is very small, as is usually
the case in difficult parturition in this species, the space
occupied by the bows of the forceps—if they are ever so thin
—so increases the volume of the mass which has to pass
through the pelvic canal, that this instrument cannot be
- used.
“As we pointed out when studying the anatomy of this
region, the pelvis is cylindrical in carnivora, and if we suppose
its diameter to be three inches, and that of the head of the
foetus a trifle less, it will be seen that birth must necessarily
be ‘difficult ; and this difficulty will be increased if the vagina
is narrow and rigid. When the forceps is used, the difficulty
is further exaggerated ; for when the blades are passed on the
14Q
FUNCTIONS OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.
Banrene
Wroaaulin
Fig. 12.
aso THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
Fig. 14. Fig. 15.
Derays’ Forceps. Derays’ Wire ExTRACTOR
WITH THE TORSION Rops.
FUNCTIONS OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS, I5t
head, the foetus is then augmented in size bya quantity equal
to their breath, multiplied by their thickness, the whole con-
stituting a mass greater than the pelvic cavity will permit to
pass through it, so that delivery becomes impossible.
“ Forceps, therefore, in small bitches, increases the diffi-
culties of parturition, and those difficulties are all the more
embarrassing as the animal is diminutive. Recourse to this
instrument is consequently contra-indicated, and if delivery is
to be effected, a means must.be substituted which presents
less inconvenience. -
“ As a rule, the loss gf one or two puppies is not a matter
of much moment, the principal object being to save the mo-
ther by bringing the act of parturition toa prompt termina-
tion. The destderatum is to apply an apparatus which will
exert its force behind the head of the feetus, as if the sum of
expulsive efforts was directed from behind ; or as if a new
force had been developed in the uterine cavity, which presses
directly on the summit of the head.
“ After much consideration, Defays finally produced an
apparatus which fulfils these indications, and, besides its in-
genuity, is very simple, and easily applied. It consists ,
merely of two rather fine brass, or very pliable iron wires,
which can be easily twisted, and are yet strong enough to
withstand a moderate amount of strain The wires should be
at least sixteen inches in length, and looped in the middle, so.
as to be applied to the foetus in the following, manner : The
first finger of the left hand being passed into the vagina,
serves to guide one of the loops towards the summit of and
behind the foetal head, and it then conducts the hoop of the
other wire beneath the head behind the jaw. This done, the
two wires on each side are twisted by a little machine
(Fig. 15) composed of a thin iron rod in a handle, the other
end of which is thickened and pierced by holes running
nearly parallel to the stalk. Into these holes the two wires
of one side are passed ; the machine on each side is pulled
up as close as possible to the head of the foetus, and then
152 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
each being turned round three or four times, the neck is en-
closed in a kind of noose or collar formed by the two wires
(Fig. 16).
“The rods are now withdrawn from the latter, and the
foetus can be extracted by exercising traction on the four
ends of the wires outside the vulva. By this contrivance,
delivery is effected without injury to the bitch, and, unless it
is much decomposed, without separating the head of the
foetus.
“We have tried Defays’ apparatus, and can speak highly
of it; not unfrequently we have succeeded in extracting the
puppy alive, and when the use of forceps would have been
impossible.
Fig. 16.
Derays’ Wire ExTRACTOR APPLIED.
“A much simpler, readier, and perhaps more successful
apparatus (so far as our experience enables us to speak) is
that devised by Breulet, of Marche, Belgium, which meets
every requirement in the accouchement of small bitches, and
might be successfully employed with sows, ewes, and goats.
BrEuLET’s Tusz anp Noose.
This apparatus is the same in principle as Defays’ wire ex-
tractor, but there is only one wire. The principal part of the
FUNCTIONS OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 153
invention is a noose-tube, consisting of a tubular piece of
round wood, from four to six inches long, and half an inch
thick. The wire may either be of copper, brass, or iron,
about sixteen inches long (we have generallyused a piece of
catgut, and prefer it) ; this is doubled, passed through the
tube to a certain extent, so as to form a loop or noose at the
end (Fig. 17).
“When it is to be used, the first finger of the left hand
carries the loop into the vagina of the bitch, and slips it be-
hind the occiput of the puppy ; then the two ends of the wire
are passed through the tube, and this is pushed into the va-
gina under the chin of the fcetus; the operator now tightens
and secures the wire, by giving it a turn round the first finger
of the right hand, placing ‘his thumb at the end of the tube
(Fig. 18). A little traction then extracts the foetus, and with-
out doing it or the bitch the least damage. We now employ
Fig. 18.
Brevutet’s NoosE FIXED ON THE Fetus.
no othet instrument in canine obstetricy, and our success has
always been complete, even with the tiniest toy terriers.
“When our assistance has been sought for in time, we
have generally managed, expeditiously and easily, to extract
the puppies alive. It will be seen that the noose is not un-
like the ‘ fillet’ used in human obstetrics.”
The crotchet or blunt hook has been recommended by
some authorities as an efficient obstetrical instrument, May-
hew observes with regard to its use :
154 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
“It has been-long known to the human accoucheur, but
by him is not employed save under certain conditions. A
Fig. 19.
Tue CrorTcHet.
piece of stout steel wire constitutes its substance. The wire,
about twelve inches long, is flattened at one extremity, and
both ends crooked and made perfectly smooth or blunt, the
flattened hook being the larger of the two. For the dog, the
instrument must, of course, be proportioned to the passage
into which it is to be introduced, and as the pup, in conse-
quence of the weakness of the abdominal parietes in the bitch,
often is felt lying below the level of the symphysis, a dip or
lateral bend is given to the hooks.
“So simple is the crotchet, which ought to be highly pol-
ished, in order to secure its being perfectly smooth. It.is
first warmed and greased, then introduced with the index
finger of one hand, while the other guides the instrument
into the womb. The foetus is to be first felt, and this is the
more readily done if an assistant supports and compresses
the abdomen. When the finger has ascertained that the pup
is favorably placed, the hook (and I generally use the flat-
tened extremity of the instrument) is to be pushed forward
and then retracted, until the operator is aware that a firm
hold has been obtained. The purchase being secure, the
finger is to be employed to keep the foetus from escaping, by
pushing it against or towards the point of the crotchet, and
holding it there.. Traction is now made steadily, and in the
. proper direction; and the assistant at the same time, by
manipulating the belly, facilitates the delivery of the bitch,
which should be in a standing position—not upon its back.
“The directions are not very complex, but they must not
on that account be disregarded. By introducing the finger,
FUNCTIONS OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS, 155
and taking care that its extremity corresponds with the point
of the instrument, a great object is gained by securing the
pup more firmly ; yet there are Other advantages also obtained
by this mode of operating. The head of the fcetus is generally
too large for the vagina, and hence the difficulty of its ex-
pulsion ; but by the employment of an instrument which is
simultaneously to pass, we appear to be increasing the ob-
struction. However, by compressing the head with the end
of the finger, it is in some degree forced to conform to the
diameter of the passage, which the gelatinous development
of the pup at the time of birth readily enables it to do.
Moreover, the hazard of injury being done, if the instrument
should lose its hold, is guarded against ; for, should the hook
slip, the point would be received upon the end of the finger
before it could catch the soft parts. However, the operator
will feel the hold giving way long before it is entirely lost,
and will be enabled to rectify the occurrence in the majority
of cases before there is a chance of accident. The finger,
therefore becomes a sensible guide to the operator, and by its
employment the traction is rendered more firm and steady.
But, above all, care should be taken to have the instrument
perfectly blunt, and the beaks of the hooks not too long.
A sharp point might, at the first glance, seem more likely to
answer the purpose in view ; but its employment would be
attended with danger, and on being tested it would be found
more apt to tear away. In fact, the sharper the point, the
less firm would be the hold, since the substance to be secured
is somewhat of a pulpy nature ; whereas, by using as broad
and flat a point as possible, the force is exerted on a larger
surface, and the grasp is proportionately the more likely to
be retained; object being not to rend the foetus or tear it
away, but to gently pull it through the vagina, using only so
much violence as the judgment assures us is imperative for
the accomplishment of the purpose.”
A few weeks since, I was requested, whilst driving my
round in the evening, to attend a fox-terrier bitch, which had
156 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG,
given birth to awhelp early in the morning, and had continued
throughout the day in labor. On my arrival I found the head
of a large pup in the passage. I tried in vain to pass a loop
over it, but it was too tightly wedged for me to do so. I then
had recourse to a pair of silver sugar-tongs; but these were
too soft for the purpose (otherwise, if electro, they are a cap-
ital substitute forforceps). I was loath to sacrifice the whelp,
which was alive and close at hand; but having no instru-
ments with me, and the owner being exceedingly fond of the
bitch, which was becoming exhausted, I was compelled to do
o.- Having procured a small ordinary meat-skewer (Fig.
20), I bent the pointed end in the shape of a hook. This,
using my finger as a guide, I inserted between the branches
of the lower jaw, and by gradual traction drew forth the
head ; then, seizing the whelp by the neck, I continued firm,
steady pulling, in a few minutes extracting the whole, which
proved to be almost double the size of the first-born. Con-
siderable haemorrhage followed. Some milk and brandy was
administered to the bitch. No other birth took place, and
she did well.
When it becomes apparent that delivery by ordinary means
is altogether impossible, and it is desirable the offspring should
be saved, the bitch either has to be killed, and the whelps ex-
tracted by what is termed the Casarean section (“Gastro-
Hysterotomy ”’), or the latter may be performed during the
o—O
5 Fig. rr.
mother’s life, with the chance of hers also being saved. This
operation English veterinarians have rarely practised.
The following is a case I recorded in the *“ Veterinary
Journal,” 1877:
FUNCTIONS OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS, 157
“This morning (the 15th July), between ten and eleven
o’clock, I was requested to attend an Irish setter bitch, which,
I was informed, had yesterday afternoon given birth to one
dead and three live puppies, and since eleven o’clock last
night had been in severe labor with what the owner believed
to be a ‘cross-birth.’
“When I arrived the bitch was lying prostrate, with hurried
respiration, rapid small pulse, eyes sunk, and extremities cold.
On examination per vaginum, I found one fore-leg of a whelp
presented, and the head doubled back within the womb. The
leg in question had been so tugged at that it was dislocated,
and almost severed from the shoulder ; the vaginal parts were
extremely inflamed, being of a deep purple tint and very
swollen. After first administering a little brandy and milk
to my patient, I placed a noose round the presented limb and
returned it within the womb, and then endeavored to bring
the head into position, but without success. As the poor
creature was now so extremely exhausted, in fact, too weak
to stand, and the pains were very feeble and at long intervals,
I suggested—as the only chance for the mother, and also
because the offspring were valuable and several yet unborn—
the Cesarean operation, which the owner consented to.
Placing her under chloroform, on a table, I made a section
in the left iliac region, through the abdominal muscles and
peritoneum ; and then, exposing the uterus, I incised it be-
tween four and five inches, and removed eight whelps—six
alive and two dead.* I closed the uterine opening with con-
tinuous silk suture, the peritoneum and abdominal muscles
with continuous gut suture, and the skin with interrupted linen-
thread suture.
“The parts were then sponged with warm water : a little
brandy and milk, with ten drops of laudanum, administered,
* The uterus, internally, was intensely inflamed—the es being perfectly
black, and the whole membrane more or less livid. One portion of in-
testine, just observable, was, also much inflamed. My prognosis from
these appearances and other conditions of the bitch, was unfavorable.
158 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG,
and the patient placed on a rug over a thick bed of straw.
Strict quietude was ordered, and a little brandy and milk only
to be given in two hours.
“ At six o’clock on the same evening I visited my patient
and, with much regret, learned she had just expired. I was
informed she had not shown any symptoms of pain or uneasi-
ness since the operation ; that she had risen to her feet a few
moments before she died, walked to her master, and wagged
her tail. i
“In this case death resulted from sheer exhaustion. No
support of any description had been given to the poor crea-
ture but what she chose herself to take, until I first arrived.
She had been in severe labor for many hours ; and only the
following morning was any assistance rendered, and that, until
my services were requested, had been rough, unpractical, and
injurious.
“T feel convinced that had the operation been performed
seven or eight hours earlier, the mother’s life would have
been saved ; or that, in the first instance, proper assistance
would have procured a natural birth of the abnormally pre-
sented one. ° The whelps that were alive are being reared by
hand, and, so far, are doing well.”
On the Continent some interesting cases of this operation
are recorded. Among others, Mr. Fleming, in the obstetrical
work alluded to, gives the following :
“ Brooks and Whiteworth (Ibid., vol. xxxix., p. 33) relate
the history of a bitch, which, while pregnant, had its pelvis
injured by being run over by a carriage. When parturition
had been going on fruitlessly for some time, an examination
was made, and it was discovered, that owing to the fracture
of the pelvis, just above the symphysis pubis, the dimensions
of the canal were greatly reduced and altered in form, so that
the finger could scarcely be passed. Chloroform was admin-
istered ; the hair removed from the skin in the right iliac re-
gion, where the incision was made. Two puppies were re-
moved ; the wound in the uterus closed by silver wire suture.
FUNCTIONS OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 159
In three weeks the bitch was well. The puppies, put to
another bitch, also lived.
“Marcorps (‘ Annales de Méd. Vétérinaire de Bruxelles,’
1862, p. 137) had under treatment a bitch which had in the
right flank, towards the last mamma, a tumor the size of a
fist and which had appeared six weeks previously in a very
gradual manner. It was neither hot nor painful to the touch,
or on pressure.
“ As it was supposed to be a mammary neoplasy, its ex-
cision was attempted. A large incision was made in the skin,
and there immediately appeared a white saccular body, which
was at once recognized as a uterine hernia. Instead of re-
turning it to the-abdomen, as this appeared to be both dif-
ficult and dangerous, it was decided to extract the entire
uterine cornu, as far as the cervix uteri, apply a ligature round
it there, and thus extirpate the organ. This was done; a
few sutures firmly united the skin incision ; the animal was
kept quiet, the diet attended to, a few enemas administered,
and in eighteen days after the operation, the bitch—of a sport-
ing breed—was out in the field with its master.
“ Saint-Cyr (Op. cit., p. 579) gave his attention to a bitch
which had been in labor since the previous. evening. It had
given birth to a puppy twelve hours before, but no more
could be expelled. When Saint-Cyr first saw the bitch, the
' labor-pains had ceased; by vaginal exploration he could
scarcely touch the foot of the most advanced puppy—which
was not in the pelvis—with his finger ; while the volume of
the abdomen led him to believe that there were more than
one in the uterus. The general condition of the animal was
good ; so it was decided to try the Cesarean section, incising
the right flank, where the foetuses were most readily felt, by
abdominal exploration. Three foetuses were removed from
the right cornu by a single incision ; two of these were dead,
but one was still alive. The operation being completed, the
cornu was returned to the abdomen, but not sutured ; and the
abdominal incision closed by interrupted suture, a bandage
160 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
being placed round the body. After the operation the bitch
was very weak; it died in eighteen hours. The autopsy
showed a moderate degree of metro-peritonitis.
“ Feser (‘ Thierarztliche Mittheilungen der Miinchener
Schule,’ Part iii., p. 296) operated on a bitch which could not
pup, making the opening in the left flank, against which the
uterus lay ; three puppies were extracted — one from each
horn and one from towards the os uteri, the latter being dead,
and from a deviation of its head it constituted the obstacle
to birth. The heads of the other two puppies were likewise
deviated. The uterus and Fallopian tubes—every thing be-
hind the cervix uteri—were extirpated by the ecraseur. The
uterine and ovarian arteries were ligatured. The incisions
closed by suture, and ice applied to the left side of the abdo-
men. The animal lost about three ounces of blood. An
hour after the operation it had a shivering fit, but this soon
passed off ; though it recurred three times a day for some
time. In sixteen days the wound had healed and the bitch
was quite recovered. The puppies was reared artificially.
“The same veterinarian (Ibid., p. 297) performed the
*sectio Casarean’ on another bitch two years old. The an-
imal had been in labor for two days, and was_ extremely
weak ; no puppies had been born. The section was made on
the left side, and four dead puppies extracted. The uterus
and ovaries were extripated by the ecraseur, and the arteries
ligatured. Frequent rigors appeared after the operation. In
twenty-four hours death ensued, the fatal termination being
apparently due to septikemia.
“Feser (Ibid., p. 298) relates another instance in which
he performed the operation, extracting four living puppies—
two from each cornu ; the incision was made in the left flank.
The uterus and ovaries were also excised in this case, the
animal losing about five ounces of blood. Extreme pros-
tration ensued after the wounds were closed, but this was
combated by stimulants, and sprinkling sweet spirits of nitre
over the body. The appetite was good, and with the excep-
FUNCTIONS OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 161
tion of traumatic fever, no unfavorable symptoms supervened.
In eight days the bitch had recovered ; two of the puppies
were reared artificially. P
“ Adam (‘ Briefliche Mittheilung’) performed the opera-
tion on a bitch, under chloroform, making the section at the
linea alba, behind the umbilicus, and dividing the tissues
with the scalpel, the peritoneum with scissors ; the cornua
were opened by incision. After removal of the foetuses, the
wound in the abdominal muscles was united by suture, then
that in the skin. During the first day the animal was very
depressed and feverish, but on the third day it was able to move
about, The puppies, which were very large, were reared by
hand. Eight months afterwards the bitch again became preg-
nant, and not being able to bring forth, died—no assistance
having been rendered on this occasion, apparently.”
i
CHAPTER X.
DISEASES IMMEDIATELY CONNECTED WITH PARTURI-
TION.
PARTURIENT APOPLEXY, PARTURIENT ECLAMP-
OR MILK FEVER, SIA, SEPTIKAMIA PUER.
PERALIS.
PARTURIENT APOPLEXY, OR MILK FEVER.
Tus disease is rarely met with in canine practice. Probably
the amount of hemorrhage that frequently takes place in
bringing forth the young, and the protracted labors of the
bitch before the whole family is born, may, to some extent,
account for its rarity.
A greyhound-bitch, belonging to a gentlemen near Liver-
pool, gave birth to a numerous litter of whelps ; the secretion
of milk was very abundant. The family were all removed
the following day, the bitch became ill the same evening, and
the next morning succumbed to parturient apoplexy.
The pathology of the disease is much the same as in the
cow and mare.
' Causes.—Excessive plethora at the time of parturition, the
sudden removal of offspring, cold, extreme heat.
Symptoms.—Quick, full pulse, reeling gait, contracted
pupils, nose hot and dry, tongue furred, extreme thirst, sup-
(162) :
DISEASES IMMEDIATELY CONNECTED WITH PARTURITION. 163
pression of milk, constipation, ultimately coma, tympany, deli-
rium and death.
Treatment.—Early venesection, counter-irritation at the
back of the head and along the spine, stimulants and aperi-
ents. The head should be kept in an elevated position, to
prevent determination of blood as much as possible; the
urine and faeces are frequently retained by reason of the pro-
gressive paralysis: in such cases the former should be drawn
off with the catheter, and the latter removed as well by ene-
mas as aperients. It is also advisable to repeatedly withdraw
the milk, by natural means if possible, if not, by artificial aid.
PARTURIENT ECLAMPSIA.
A canine malady resembling the eclampsia of the human
being has been observed by continental veterinarians ; but I
fail to see that it bears any analogy to parturient apoplexy
proper. , ;
' “Mauri” (Fleming’s “ Obstetrics,” p. 673) “relates that
a bitch, four years old, and which had been ill since the pre-
vious evening, was sent to the Toulouse Veterinary School. Fif-
teen days previously it had given birth to four puppies, which
it suckled. That morning, about three o’clock, its owner
was awoke by its plaintive cries and its restlessness. It was
then anxious, its mouth was open, and it breathed as if it had
been running fast on a hot day ; it also appeared to be weak
in its hind-parts. On its arrival at the school, it was lying on
its side in a large hamper, with its four puppies, which were at
the teat; the respiration was very hurried, short, irregular,
and noisy ; it-was executed’in a jerking, irregular manner ;
the ribs appeared to be limited in their movements, as in a
horse affected with tetanus. The mouth was half open, the
tongue pendent, and the saliva flowing in a frothy, abundant
stream. The animal convulsively closed its jaws, and with-
164 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
drew its tongue from time to time, in order to swallow a por-
tion of the saliva ; the buccal and conjunctival mucous mem-
brane was greatly injected ; the physiognomy expressed great
anxiety rather than pain ; the eye was widely open, bright
and animated, and the visual axis was not deviated. The
limbs were kept extended and immovable, without tetanic
rigidity, Atintervals the animal attempted to get up, and
managed to raise itself on its fore-limbs; but the hind-legs
moved in different directions, and automatically, so that the
bitch could not co-ordinate them in a determinate manner.
The joints could be easily flexed on each other by seizing the
bones like the branches of a pair of compasses, but when
left to themselves they immediately became extended. The
pulse was strong and quick. The senses were unimpaired,
and when its name was called the animal directed its eyes
towards its master, and attempted to move its tail. This did
not always happen, however, for the creature generally appear-
ed to be completely absorbed by its condition—a circumstance
which might have led to the belief that its general sensibility
was diminished. There was no appetite, and the excretion
of faeces and urine was completely suppressed since the com-
mencement of the disease.
“ Mauri, never having had an opportunity of witnessing
such a malady, was much troubled to give a name to the col-
lection of symptoms. As, however, paraplegia appeared to
be imminent, he ordered sinapisms to the limbs and the
spine, and enemas of tepid water. In the evening the sym-
toms were ameliorated ; the animal, instead of lying extend
ed on its side, was curled round as in health, and when ex-
cited it got up, staggered, and fell on the litter ; a deep coma
had given place to the excitement observed in the morning,
and on some bread and milk being offered, it slowly took a
small qauntity. Next day all the symptoms disappeared, and
though the animal remained for five days in the hospital ken-
nels, no relapse occurred.
“ Mauri, in another instance ” (Ibid., p. 674)—“ that of a
DISEASES IMMEDIATELY CONNECTED WITH PARTURITION.- 165
two-year-old bitch, which had nursed two puppies for a month,
and during that time seemed to be in perfect health, but which
was suddenly seized with agitation and anxiety, appeared to
be suffocated, could scarcely stand, and seemed to be para-
lyzed in its hind-limbs—noted the following symptoms :
General agitation of all the muscles, anxious physiognomy,
and all the characteristic features described in the preceding
case. The respiration was very laborious, though the ribs
were immovable. The gait was unsteady, and the hind-quar-
ters were feeble, as in confirmed rabies. The animal ap-
peared to be impelled to move about incessantly, and if it,
stopped it fell ; then the limbs became rigidly extended. In
the midst. of its convulsions, it endeavored to rise, but could
not co-ordinate its movements—it turned itself on its back, so
as to lie alternately on the right or left side. After numerous
attempts it sometimes succeeded in getting up, and com-
menced to walk, but only to fall again ; it could only stand
on its rigid paws by resting against a wall or tree. An hour
after its arrival at the school, it could not rise unaided. Its
senses did not appear to be affected ; the appetite was lost,
and there was neither defecation nor micturition during the
attack. The case in every respect appeared to be similar
to the preceding. No treatment was adopted, and in the
evening the bitch had almost completely recovered, though
it was rather sleepy and dull. Next day it was taken away
cured.
“The same authority” (Ibid., p. 674) “ records the case
of a bitch brought to Toulouse Veterinary School, and which
caused anxiety about three hours previously by its agitation,
breathlessness, and anxious look. It had fallen, was seized
with contraction of the limbs, got up, and staggered about in
different directions, until at last it became so weak that it
could not stand. When Mauri saw it, it was lying on its
side, the limbs extended, and agitated from time to time with
clonics convulsions. The animal could not be induced to
get up, the head only being raised towards the shoulder. The
166 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG,
symptoms were altogether similar to those observed in the
two preceding cases. No treatment was adopted, and next
morning all the symptoms had disappeared.
“Lafitte ’ (Ibid., p. 674) “attended a bitch which, two
days previously, had brought forth two puppies which it
suckled. It appeared to be very weak and staggered in
walking. Soon after, the feebleness in the hind-quarters was
extreme, and clonic convulsions affected all the muscles ; the
eye-balls pirouetted in their socket, the jaws were continually
moved, and saliva ran from the mouth continually ; hearing
and seeing were unaffected. Two hours subsequently the
animal could not rise. A belladonna draught was given,
narcotic:frictions were applied along the spine, and emetized
enemata administered. In the evening the bitch was dull,
weak, and stupid. In the morning every trace of the malady
had disappeared. Next day there was another eclamptic at-
tack of shorter duration, and on the fourth day another still
briefer and weaker. The puppies were put to another bitch,
and in about eight days they had attacks similar to those of
their parent, though shorter and less intense. One, a female,
had three attacks on successive days, and then died—the
other, a male, had only two attacks.
“Lafitte” (Ibid., p. 674) “reports that a bitch, four days
after pupping, had clonic convulsions in all its muscles ; its
jaws were agitated, it was much salivated, and respired with
difficulty. Its expression was animated, but it could not
stand, and was compelled to lie. During the night the con-
vulsions ceased, and the animal, although a little somnoles-
cent, appeared quite recovered ; at ten o’clock next morning,
however, it had another attack, and in the evening it died.
“The same veterinarian ” (Ibid., p. 674) “alludes to the
case of a bitch which, three days after pupping, had convul-
sions in the muscles of the trunk and limbs, and the hind-legs
were so feeble that it could not stand. Its gaze was unsteady,
and at times the eyes rolled about in the orbits. The masse-
ter muscles participated in the convulsive movements of the
DISEASES IMMEDIATELY CONNECTED WITH PARTURITION. 167
other muscles so that there was a centinual champing’ the
jaws, and an abundant salivation. The senses were not
impaired, however. An antispasmodic treatment was adopted.
The attack lasted four hours, when recovery took place.
“Mauri” (Ibid., p. 675) “ reports another instance of this
malady occurring in a bitch, eight years old, and very fat. It
had. pupped twelve days before, and suckled four puppies.
When brought to the Veterinary School it was lying on its
side, though it could raise itself on its sternum—it panted-
much, its mouth was wide open and much saliva flowed there-
from—the tongue was pendent. The respiratory movements
were much quickened, but very shallow. The eyes were wide
open and slightly squinted to the left. Violent convulsions,
as if produced by electric discharges, agitated the limbs, and
threw them into a state of forced extension ; if a group of
extensor muscles—such as the patellar—were seized in the
hand, the energetic contractions, rapidly repeated, could be
easily felt. Nothing of the kind could be distinguished in
the flexor muscles. The senses were not affected. The
urine did not offer any trace of albumen. In the course of
the day the symptoms disappeared, and the animal recovered.
“Mauri alludes to four additional cases of eclampsia—two
in the cow and two in the bitch, all presenting similar symp-
toms to the foregoing.”
SEPTIKAMIA PUERPERALIS.
Inflammation of the uterus and septikemia puerperalis
occur in all the domesticated animals. The latter would
appear to be very frequent in the bitch.’*
Parturient septikemia may arise from the retention and
putrefaction of a dead fcetus,f or the introduction of putre-
fying matter into the blood through inoculation.
* Fleming’s “ Veterinary Obstetrics,” p. 632.
+ “It is well known that bitches which retain the foetus .n the genital
canal for any length of time (eighteen hours or thereabouts), frequently
168 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES.OF THE DOG.
Symptoms.—Increase of temperature, rigors, hurried respi-
ration, small frequent pulse, nose dry, mouth hot and slimy,
visible mucous membranes injected, extremities soon become
cold, coma speedily sets in, frequently accompanied by deli-
rium, and death quickly follows.
Post-mortem examination.— In those cases in which death
has taken place, and an examination of the body has been
made, the local and essential lesions are found in the genital
‘organs and peritoneum, and when puerperal septikeemia has
been present, there are observed indications of general infec-
tion of the body. Decomposition sets in early, the tissues
are dark-green and feetid, and meteorism is largely developed.
“Tt is seldom, indeed, that the puerperal or septic inflam-
mation is limited to the mucous membrane. Nearly always
it extends to the submucous connective tissue (metritis phileg-
monosa), which is infiltrated with an cedematous transudation ;
or it becomes the seat of acute inflammatory cedema,in which
the tissue swells, becomes tumid, and its interstices filled with
fluid, small cells, and’a gelatinous, semi-solid material. The
muscular tissue is swollen and softened, and a dark fluid
flows from it.” *
Treatment.—In all cases of septic inflammation, prompt
measures both for the removal of the cause and effect are de-
manded. The former consists in cleansing, by injections of
warm water, those parts of the genitals upon which the in-
fecting material is present, and also disinfection of wounds or
abrasions.
Fleming observes : “ The genital canal should be thorough-
perish from septikemia puerperalis. This appears to be due to the fact
that the puppy so retained quickly dies: owing to the shortness of the
umbilical cord, the early separation of the placenta, and birth taking place
in the amnion. The young creature also speedily putrefies, and the large
raw surface formed by the maternal placenta is a ready inlet for the di-
rect introduction of the septic material into the blood. Speedy death of
the bitch is the consequence.”—Fleming’s “ Veterinary Obstetrics,” p. 639.
* Ibid., pp. 635, 636.
DISEASES IMMEDIATELY CONNECTED WITH PARTURITION. 169
ly cleansed by injections of warm water, and the wounds
dressed with carbolic acid and olive-oil (x to 10,) applied by
means of a brush or feather ; or salicylic acid 1 part, spirits
of wine 20 parts, warm water 24 parts.
“ After the interior of the uterus has been cleansed by in-
jections of warm water, an injection of carbolic acid solution
(1 to 20-50) should be made every day, and the wounds,
accessible, must be dressed at the same time.
“ Permanganate of potash (1 to 50 of water) may be em-
ployed to inject into the genital canal, when the disease is
less acute.
“With regard to constitutional treatment, this must be
directed towards neutralizing the effects of the septic matter
by the exhibition cf antiseptic remedies, and reducing the
high temperature ; as a long continuation of this leads to
rapid consumption of the tissues, and is fraught with danger
to the system.
“ There is no specific remedy with which to neutralize the
action of the septic matters in the blood and tissues. The
sulphites of soda and potash have been recommended, as well
as sulphurous acid. These appear to have acted favorably
in some cases. Carbonate of soda and permanganate of
potash have also been well spoken of, as well as large doses
of quinine. Carbolic and salicylic acids are now most in re-
pute, and are given in small but frequent doses.
“If there is a tendency to constipation, a purgative may be
administered ; indeed, unless special circumstances forbid it,
a purgative may prove most serviceable in assisting in the
removal of the septic matter through the intestinal canal.
Dogs which have been poisoned by this matter often recover
after profuse and fcetid diarrhoea ; and a purgative generally
reduces the temperature. ,
“In acute cases, in order to obtain the more prompt action
of antiseptics, it had been proposed to introduce them directly
into the circulation by intravenous injection. Solutions of
carbolic acid and iodine have been employed successfully ;
179 “THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG,
and in woman a desperate case has recovered after the in-
travenous injection of liquor ammoniz (1 to 3).
“ As a last resource, and to substitute healthy for eel
blood, transfusion has also been practised in woman, and with
good results. The experiment is worth trying in the parturi-
ent fever of animals.
“With regard to the diminution of temperature, quinine
has been highly lauded. Bleeding is certainly not to be rec-
ommended. If the temperature continuously remains very
high, then the application of cold water to the surface of the
body is indicated. The cold water may be applied to the
larger animals by means of cold, wet sheets wrapped round
the body, and kept cold for an hour or two at a time by pour-
ing on water at intervals, by means of a small vessel. Smaller
animals may be put in a gradually-cooled bath.
The skin must be well dried after the application of the
cold water, and with the larger animals a dry blanket should
be thrown over the body. The stable (or kennel) must be
kept scrupulously clean and well ventilated. Tonics and
good food must be allowed when recovery is taking place, and
the seguele of the disease treated according to their indica-
tions.”
CHAPTER XI.
DISEASES OF THE MAMMARY GLANDS.
MAMMITIS, LACTEAL TUMORS, CANCER.
MAMMITIS,
Or inflammation of the milk-gland, is by no means an uncom-
mon complaint in canine practice.
Causes.—External injury, as blows, bruises or wounds, ex-
posure to cold and damp, retention of milk, etc.
Symptoms.—The part affected is red, hot, somewhat hard,
and excessively tender; the lacteal secretion is changed in
character, first having a curdled appearance, subsequently
mingled with blood, and ultimately pus, the natural secretion
becoming then totally arrested. Matter having formed may
gradually approach the surface of the gland and point there, ©
but it rarely becomes thus located, the whole gland generally
being involved. Considerable febrile disturbance is present
throughout.
Treatment.—In the early stage leeches may be applied to.
the part, and hot fomentations ; a saline aperient should be
administered, and perfect quietude on a soft bed enjoined.
If the complaint results from retention of milk, owing to the
removal or death of whelps, the sooner suckling is allowed
the better—whether the secretion be altered or not, even to
(171)
172 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
pus, its direction to the channel of the teat for evacuation
is strongly advisable, and much preferable to permitting ab- ,
scesses to form, and point at the surface, and thus destroy a
considerable portion of the gland.
When matter has formed, and is approaching the surface,
the sooner it is evacuated the better, otherwise sinuses are
liable to form, and render the case tedious and difficult. For
subsequent treatment see “ Abscess.”
Chronic mammitis is denoted by an indurated and en-
larged condition of the gland, and may be the result of linger-
ing subacute inflammation, or proceed from the acute form.
It is attended with but little or constitutional disturbance ;
but unless early measures are taken for its removal, it be-
comes a permanent induration, and may ultimately, if excited,
assume a cancerous condition.
Treatment.—The daily application of iodine ointment, or
the tincture, to the affected part, and the iodide of potassium
in one to two scruples daily, are the most effectual agents in
this complaint ; repeated friction with the hand is also of
service, and where the enlargement is considerable and
weighty, it may be conveniently, and with benefit suspended,
by means of a handkerchief tied over the back, or a net made
for the purpose and fastened in the same way with tapes.
LACTEAL TUMORS.
The milk ducts are liable to become obstructed when not
sufficiently drained of their contents, or from some malforma-
tion. Any such obstruction to the outflow of milk is calcu-
lated to produce much mischief. Lacteal tumors, perhaps the
least hurtful that can arise, are thus frequently caused.
Symptoms.—The mammary gland affected is knotty; the
irregularities being even, movable, and painless ; in the early
stage these bodies have a fluctuating feel, which disappears
as their period of existence lengthens.
DISEASES OF THE MAMMARY GLANDS, 173
Inflammatory action may be excited in them by injury,
and suppuration result. ;
Treatment.—If still in milk, the daily withdrawal of the
secretion should be observed—by natural means if possible..
Milk is frequently secreted, independent of the animal partu-
riating, more especially if connection has taken place. Its re-
moval, if abundant, is advisable, which may be done with the
fingers. A smart dose of aperient medicine, and for a few
days short commons, is also of service in dispersing it.
Where the animal is comparatively or quite dry, and we
_have the tumors only to deal with, it becomes a question
whether, so far as their direct treatment is-concerned, we shall
rely.on external application, or a surgical operation. If the
tumors are of recent date and fluctuating, they may be punc-
tured with some amount of success: if hardened and of long
existence, their removal with the knife can be adopted with
safety and success. ;
Individually, I should give the iodine a fair chance, before
resorting to either.
CANCER.
The so-called cancer of the mammary gland is chiefly con-
fined to bitches which have parturiated. I say so-called, be-
cause it is rarely that the true cancer cell can be detected—
the character is generally that of an indurated or scirrhous
tumor. In chronic cases they frequently assume an osteoid
form. I have removed numerous tumors so constituted—
some with spicule of bone throughout their structure, others
only ossified in the centre. If removed early, a sac contain-
ing pus or watery fluid will generally be found within them.
Causes—External injury, cold, damp, retention of milk
from not suckling, insufficient suckling, or obstruction, sudden
withdrawal of whelps soon after parturition.
Symptoms.—Vhese are usually slow in manifesting them-
selves. The primary ones are heat, redness, enlargement,
174 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG,
and tenderness. These in time subside (with the exception
of the enlargement, and this also is reduced as the condition
becomes sub-acute), leaving behind a thickened, lumpy gland.
This may remain 7 statu guo until the time of parturition
again approaches, or at the period of cstrum. The gland
will then assume the same acute symptoms as in the first in-
stance, and pass away with much the same result, except an
observable increase in the enlargement. And so this may
go on for years, gradually increasing, until at last the whole
gland, and not unfrequently its neighbor, becomes obliterated,
and in its place is a large indurated tumor, or, it may be,
cancer. ; :
Treatment.—If the case is taken in hand during its acute
stage, the early treatment laid down for mammitis—leeches,
fomentation, saline aperients, rest, and removal from cold—
should be adopted. When it occurs after parturition, the
whelps should either be removed and the teats drawn, or
watched when suckling that they do not irritate the part. The
scrambling and application of their needle like claws only
tends to bruise and irritate the inflamed gland. If it can be
‘done without distressing the mother, it is advisable to remove
the whole or a portion of the family until nourishment is again
required. ;
In chronic ‘cases, and when the gland is not wholly in-
volved, and the enlargement not very considerable, the iodine
ointment, or tincture, may be tried outwardly, and the iodide
of potassium and iron inwardly, in the doses already pre-
scribed. When the tumor becomes large, very pendulous
and unsightly, or breaks, and gives vent to an offensive dis-
charge, excision is decidedly indicated. The skin should be
divided the whole length, or nearly so, of the tumor, the
edges reflected, and the diseased mass, which is usually held
by connective areolar tissue, is generally easily and quickly
removed by dissection around it. Occasionally its base is
attached by more vital structures, and hemorrhage will follow
its removal. In such a case, either the ligature may be
DISEASES OF THE MAMMARY GLANDS. 175
adopted before severing the mass, or the vessels afterwards
taken up and tied, or the actual cautery applied. The latter
is sometimes used for separating a vascular base.
The superficial bleeding which occasionally takes place
more or less all round it, when-more closely connected to the
. skin, is usually harmless, and is ae stayed by the appli-
cation of the tincture of iron.
The edges of the incised skin are to be broughtin apposi-
tion with interrupted silk sutures, steeped in a weak solution
of carbolic acid. Healing generally takes place quickly, and
the loose, hanging pouch of skin contracts to the level of the
surrounding parts.
It is always advisable to wire-muzzle the patient after the
operation ; for the tongue, although a great healer, often does
considerable mischief, and the teeth will speedily remove
stitches and ligatures.
The after treatment consists ‘in daily cleansing the wound
from discharge, attention to the bowels, a plain, unstimulating
diet, and tonics, if there is much prostration.
CHAPTER XII.
DISEASES OF THE EYE.
OPHTHALMIA, PROTRUSION OF THE
CATARACT, EYE-BALL,
AMAUROSIS, EXTIRPATION OF THE
IRITIS, EYE,
ENLARGEMENT OF THE HAIRY TUMOR ON THE
HAW. CORNEA.
OPHTHALMIA.
Tue dog, though not liable to many of the diseases affecting
the visual organs of the human being, is nevertheless fre-
quently the subject of some of the more prominent oncs.
Ophthalmia or inflammation of the mucous membrane lining
the eyelids and covering the ball is very commonly met with,
especially in sporting dogs.
Causes External violence, as blows, bites, pricks from
thorns, cat-scratches ; or irritation from the presence of foreign
bodies, as dust, grit, inverted lashes, accumulated pus, soap-
suds, etc. ; irritating vapors, particularly stable effluvia, or
that of undrained and neglected kennels ; damp and cold.
Ophthalmia may be sympathetic with cther diseases, as
distemper and disorders of the digestive oryans.
Symptoms.—Simple ophthalmia commences with intolerance
of light, deflux of tears, and repeated closing of the eyelids.
(376)
' DISEASES OF THE EYE. 177
Jf che ratter are sepaiated, tne coniunctival membrane will be
found highly iajected, and the eye painfully susceptible: to
touch or exposure.
Unless tne inflammation be checked it rapidly extends,
other and deeper-seated structures become involved, and
the vision dangerously impaired. The cornea is traversed
with engorged vessels, the pupillary opening blocked by an
opaque mass of exudation (lymph) ; and quickly upon this
we get ulceration of the cornea, followed by fungoid granula-
tions.
Treatment.—The lids should be carefully separated, and
examination made for the presence of any foreign matter,
which, should it exist, is to be gently removed. So long as
inflammatory action is present, the avoidance of light, warm
fomentations, and, at the onset, a mild dose of aperient medi.
cine is generally all that is requisite.
In cases where the disease will not yield to these simple
measures, where the inflammation increases and there is con-
siderable distention of the corneal vessels, local bleeding is
attended with much benefit ; this may be produced by prick-
ing the skin immediately under the lower lid and applying a
leech or. two, or puncturing the lachrymal vein with a lance,
and placing the finger on the vessel beneath the opening. 1
shall probably be accused of being antiquated in advocating
the latter measure (blood- letting), but experience in inflam-
matory eye diseases in the lower animals has taught me that,
however old the doctrine, it still holds good in local in-
flammations, particularly in vascular parts, and in none more
so than the eye. With regard to other measures — the
avoidance of light and warm fomentations should still be
maintained. Bathing the eye with an infusion of poppy-
heads is sedative to the inflamed part, and therefore useful.
A low and unstimulating diet is absolutely necessary.
Chronic or constitutional ophthalmia is denoted by the
eyes being always watery, but more so on exposure to light or
cold ; there is opacity of vision, and conjunctival congestion.
12
178 . THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
The condition, however, is less irritable than in simple or
acute ophthalmia.
Treatment.—Tonics ; seton in the poll; painting the out-
side of the orbits with iodine ; sponging the eyes with cold
spring water ; the application of zinc lotion, 2 grains to the
ounce of water, or nitrate of silver, 1 grain to the ounce ; are
the measures usually adopted and indicated. The seton is
especially invaluable in these cases.
CATARACT.
Cataract may be either lenticular, capsular, or capsulo-
lenticular. It is lenticular when there is opacity of the
crystalline lens, capsular when the opacity is confined to the
capsule, and capsulo-lenticular when both lens and capsule
are involved.
Though more frequently seen in old dogs, cataract may
take place at any age.
Causes.—Inflammation of the eye-ball ; diminished vitality
consequent on old age.
Symptoms.—The presence of an opaque body which may
be best seen from a posterior side view in a shaded light, or
in a dark place by candle-light.
Treatment.—This consists entirely in the operation of
extraction, and which only can be }:r-ormed by an experi-
enced oculist.
AMAUROSIS.
Amaurosis, commonly known as gutta serena, is an im-
pairment of vision, consequent on a disordered condition of
the retina, optic nerve, or brain. This disordered condition
may proceed from external violence, as blows or falls on the
head, producing immediate paralysis, or giving rise to inflam-
DISEASES OF THE EYE. 179
matory action, extravasation of blood, the formation of
tumor, and ultimate suspension of nerve force. i
Extreme debility, either from, disease, haemorrhage, prot
longed lactation or an anemia, may also be associated’ with’
amaurosis,
Symptoms—The defect in vision may be gradual or sud-
den. . Obstructions are not seen until the animal is close upon
or touches them. ‘The gait is peculiarly diagnostic of sight
affection. An uncertain feeding action is observed in locomo-
tion. The creature relies to a great extent upon the sense
of smell, and snuffs the air as he moves about.
Eventually the function of sight becomes totally lost. The
eye is clear (unnaturally: so) and bright, hence the Arabic
term “gutta serena”—clear drops. No irritability in the
organ is observed, except occasionally at the commencement
of the disease, but, on the contrary, the brightest light is of
no effect. The pupil is dilated, and the eye has a more or
less vacant expression. One or both eyes may be affected,
_ according to the seat and extent of injury, or from sympathy,
which is exercised to a great degree in eye affections, and in
amaurotic ones generally in the end involves both.
Treatment is unfortunately of little avail, and can only
be adopted with any degree of success in the early stage of
the malady. An active seton in the poll, strong iodine lini-
ment around the outside of the orbits, or blisters ; and, inter-
nally, strychnia or nux vomica, are the measures indicated.
The general health of the patient should be looked to, a
liberal diet allowed, with moderate exercise.
IRITIS.
Inflammation of the iris, or coloring membrane of the
eye, is not unfrequent in the dog. It may proceed from injury,
or deep-seated ophthalmic inflammation,
180 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
Symptoms.—The iris is changed in color, a deep reddish-
brown tint, often extending beyond the edges of the cornea,
may be plainly seen. The pupil becomes contracted, and to
_ agreat extent immovable to the stimulus of light. Excess
in the lachrymal secretion, pain and intolerance of light, and
cold, are the accompanying symptoms. As the disease pro-
ceeds the eye becomes, from the engorged condition of the
vessels, generally bloodshot. Extravasation of blood occa-
sionally takes place, resulting in the formation of pus, and the
total destruction of vision.
Treatment.—Here the local abstraction of blood is strongly
indicated, together with absolute darkness. Warm fomenta-
tions, and free movement of the bowels.
When the acute symptoms have passed away, the adminis-
tration of tonics, and small doses of the iodide of potassium,
and if protracted, a seton in the poll, will materially assist in
restoring the eye to its natural condition. The light should
be subdued so long as inflammatory symptoms are present,
and gradually increased as these disappear.
ENLARGEMENT OF THE HAW.
The haw (membrana nictitans), or fold of membrane
placed at the inner corner of the eye, is for the purpose of
removing foreign bodies or irritants from the globe. Occa-
sionally, from external violence, irritation or constitutional
disease, it becomes enlarged, prominent, and obstructive to
vision and closure of the eyelids. In such cases the part
presents a red and highly inflamed appearance, is exceedingly
sensitive to touch, causes the animal considerable pain, and
gives rise to profuse lachrymation.
TLreatment.—The primary treatment consists in scarifying
and warm fomentations. Should the enlargement persist, it
DISEASES OF THE EYE, 181
may be gradually reduced with the scalpel or scissors and caus-
tic, or the whole substance drawn out and snipped off.
Astringent lotions are useful, and in many cases suffi-
cient.
PROTRUSION OF THE EYE-BALL.
Occasionally in fighting the eye-ball is displaced from its
socket. If the accident is of recent date and the appendages
are not torn asunder, the return of the organ is not difficult.
In the case of a toy dog, not long since brought for my in-
spection, I had the eye and surrounding parts well fomented .
for a quarter of an hour with warm milk and water ; a few
drops of olive oil were then poured over the ball, the upper
lid drawn forward with blunt forceps, and gentle pressure ex-
ercised, when it returned easily to its natural situation, but
when pressure was removed it again protruded ; once more
returning it I placed a small pad of wet lint over the organ,
and closed the lids over it with silk sutures. ‘The case did
well, and no evil results followed. .
When the ball is completely torn from its attachments,
excision at once is advisable.
EXTIRPATION OF THE EYE.
This, from unsightly blindness, disease, or protracted pro-
trusion, is sometimes rendered necessary. The ball being
drawn forward and held firmly, the muscles and optic nerve
are divided with a bistoury or scalpel. A pledget of cotton
wool steeped in iron should then be placed in the vacant
socket, and a couple of stiches inserted through the upper
and lower lid. These and the pledget may be removed in
182 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
forty-eight hours, and the socket daily dressed with the fol-
lowing liniment
GIY CETTE age hase thee Figieree vars I ounce,
Acid Carbolic............... 20005 5 minims.
Itis occasionally necessary, where there is fungoid disease,
with adhesion, to dilate the canthus. This should be done
from the outer one.
It is advisable to keep the patient in a dark place after the
operation, until all symptoms of inflammatory action have
subsided, and on moderate diet. Itis almost needless to add
that this operation eur always to be performed under
chloroform.
HAIRY TUMOR ON THE CORNEA.
An instance of this exceedingly rare occurrence is recorded
by Mr. J. M. Parker, M.R.C.V.S., Birmingham, in the “ Veter-
inary Journal” for April, 1377:
“In June, 1875, a setter puppy, three months old, was
brought to me for advice about one eye—the left—which was
discharging a considerable quantity of muco-purulent matter.
On-washing the eyelids, and carefully examining the eye, I
found that the whole of the eye-ball was covered with long
black and white hairs (the puppy was black and white) spread
out like a.fan.
“With some trouble, I fixed the eyelid, and found that the
hairs grew from a warty substance as large as half a pea on
the cornea, at the posterior part of the eye, near the eyelid,
but not connected with it.
“T plucked out thirty hairs with the forceps, and sent some
lotion containing laudanum and zinc sulph.
“Tn about a fortnight I saw the patient again, and he was
reported as having improved considerably. This I found to
be the case; and I removed a few more hairs—twelve or
fourteen, perhaps. He was not brought to me afterwards,
DISEASES OF THE EYE. 183
but I heard from his owner that all pain and discharge had
ceased. Having occasign to pass the owner’s house in Sep-
tember, 1875, I called to ‘see the pup ; and found that the eye
was much inflamed, anda fresh crop of hairs had grown. I
then determined to pare off the ‘ wart ’—for such it seemed to
be ; but how to do it without chloroform or the proper instru-
ments was the question.
“T decided to transfix the base of the wart with a needle,
and cut it clean off the cornea, with a scalpel. Making a
hook with a silver probe to steady the lid, which was held by
an assistant, I was able, after a little trouble, to pass a strong
sewing-needle, armed with a stout thread, through the base,
and, pulling it away from the cornea, I dissected the growth
very carefully from its attachment, and effectually eradicated
it. No more hairs made their appearance, and the wound
speedily healed. There was, unfortunately, a considerable
deposit of lymph in the eye from long-continued irrita-
tion which, perhaps, might have been prevented had I
exercised the portion at first. I may add, in conclusion,
that it was horny to the touch, and not like transplanted
skin, which the presence of colored hairs would appear to in-
dicate.”
In the following number for May, Mr. W. A. Taylor.
F.R.C.V.S., records a similar instance in a fox-ferrier puppy,
fourteen weeks old:
“ My attention was recently directed to the dog’s eye by
my brother, whose property the puppy is. He had noticed
the existence of the tumor soon after the usual nine days’
blindness of puppy life. :
“An examination of the eye (in this instance the left)
reveals to the beholder what at first appears to be ‘something
white’ in the dog’s eye. On a more careful inspection, the
white object is discovered to be a fixed tumor, circular in
outline, of a pinky-white tint, and having a diameter of three-
sixteenths of an inch; it is slightly raised above the level of
the eye, and fromit grow some white hairs, in number about
184 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
fifteen, resembling those of the eyelashes. Two thirds of the
tumor are attached to the sclerotic coat, the remaining third
to the cornea, and it receives a covering of conjunctiva.
“In appearance and structure this /usus nature bears a
close resemblance to the mole on the human skin.
“The presence of the tumor does not apparently cause
any inconvenience to the puppy beyond a slight increase in
the flow of the lachrymal fluid.
“ Are these hairy tumors hereditary? If so, it would be.
unadvisable to breed from animals possessing them. The eyes
of both parents of the puppy above alluded to are perfectly
normal.”
CHAPTER XIII.
DISEASES OF THE EAR.
CANKER (EXTERNAL), POLYPUS,
CANKER (INTERNAL), DEAFNESS,
SEROUS ABSCESS, SCURFY EARS.
CANKER (ExTERNAL).
THERE are few diseases which cause more trouble and annoy-
ance, alike to owner and subject, than the one known as
“canker.” All dogs are liable to this malady ; but long-haired
ones, and especially water-dogs, are those usually affected.
The disease is generally divided into external and internal
canker. External canker is that which attacks the edge or
margin of the ear-flap.
Internal is usually confined to the passage leading to the
ear proper.
Both forms are the same in character, and may co-exist or
arise independently of each other.
Causes.—-Canker may be produced by ‘external violence,
gross feeding, over heating food, plethora, uncleanliness. It
is frequently associated with mange.
Symptoms.—The first generally observed is repeated
shaking of the head and flapping the ears. Examination
reveals the integument covering those organs red, puffy, and
hot, and this condition is aggravated by the animal continually
(185) ;
186 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
scratching them. If this is left unchecked, the amount of
irritation produced on the inflamed part gives rise to a serous
exudation along the margin of the flap, and ulceration quickly
follows.
Treatment.—Immediately symptoms of canker are observed
a dose of aperient medicine should be administered, and warm
fomentations applied to the part. Where exudation has taken
place, all extraneous matter should be gently removed with
warm water, and mild astringents applied to the sore surface.
The following is a useful lotion.
AlUM sp dsinnowedtns see anee 5 grains.
MINES ATS. xissarnisie nadectiocagigrces 1 drachm.
AGUA sescscietesess ctssdlinaceseealare'e I ounce.
To be applied twice or three times a day.
When the case will not yield to this treatment, and when
ulcers have formed, and show a tendency to spread, I find
occasionally touching the parts with nirate of silver after
washing is of great service ; and when the eschar is detached
either of the following lotions may be applied with a camel-
hair brush:
Tinct. Myrrh Co. ...........
Tinct. Arnica. .............. t equal pacts:
or,
Tine. Ferri Mur............. 1 drachm.
Acid Carbolic............... 5 minims.
AQUAS 1s ce Aacktoionusleiinann I ounce.
In obstinate cases, where the cartilage becomes diseased,
and remains, in spite of all that can be done, persistently so,
it will be advisable to remove that portion of the flap beyond
the line of disease ; but only in an extreme case should this
be done. i
DISEASES OF THE EAR, 187
CANKER (INTERNAL).
Internal canker is most generally seen in water dogs. Youatt
observes : “‘ When the whole of the body except the head and
ears is surrounded by cold water, there will be an unsual
determination of blood to those parts, and consequent disten-
sion of the vessels, and a predisposition to inflammation,”
With this author I quite agree.
Again, water being continually lodged in the ear, and re-
maining there, is in itself a source of irritation, and calculated
to produce canker. Allowing dirty suds to remain, after
washing, is an especially fruitful cause both of canker and
deafness.
Internal canker, if neglected, is very much more disastrous
than the external form. The disease will extend to the in-
ternal bones of the ear, and cause the most maddening pain.
Or it may, and often does, without these ravages, result in
deafness, in which case treatment for the latter is generally
hopeless. ;
Symptoms.—The membrane lining the passage, as far as
can be seen, is red and inflamed, and the root of the flap, hot
and tender. There is the same disposition to shake the head
and scratch the ears as in the external canker. As the
disease proceeds, an offensive, dark-colored discharge issues
from the passage of the ear, the itching becomes intolerable,
and the animal in his misery rolls about, rubs his ears along
the ground, frantically scratches at them, and utters pitiful
cries.
‘Treatment.—This is of the same character as that pre-
scribed for the former, only differing in its mode of applica-
tion. The ear should be syringed (not too powerfully) with
warm water, and whatever lotions are used must be poured
into the ear, applied with a feather, or some cotton wool
saturated with it and packed gently in. For internal canker,
the zinc lotion, 5 grains to the ounce of water, applied three
or four times a day, I find usually answers better than any
188 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
thing else. When the disease extends to the bones of the
ear, humanity dictates an end to the creature’s sufferings.
In all cases of canker, whether external or internal, it is
absolutely necessary, in order to ensure success and rapidity of
cure, that the animal should be prevented as much as possible
from flapping, scratching, or rubbing the ears. For this pur-
pose a cap of wash-leather or stout calico (the latter is
coolest) should be placed over the animal’s head and tied
underneath the throat. (Fig. 21.) It should be similar in
shape (with the exception of the ear portion) to a horse’s hood,
and is kept much easier in position than the usual three-cor-
nered one.
Fig. 21.
Doc witH CaNnKER Cap.
With regard to the further treatment of canker, I quote
the following from the “Veterinary Journal,” Sept. 1875, p.
216:
TREATMENT OF ULCERATION IN THE EARS OF A DOG, BY
COCULET. *
“The disease vulgarly known as ‘canker’ in the dog is
frequently most troublesome and unsatisfactory to treat, for
DISEASES OF THE EAR. 189
several reasons. In the ‘Recueil de Méd. Vétérinaire’
Coculet recommends, as a very successful method of dealing
with these auricular chancres, the application of some ‘blis-
tering ointment or liquid over the external surface of the ear.
The preparation he employed was tincture of cantharides,
forty-five grammes ; tincture of oak galls, ten grammes. This
was applied once every two days, and by its influence the
intolerable itching which accompanies the disease was allayed,
and a smart but inconvenient pain substituted. The animal
no longer shakes its head, nor scratches the ears with its
paws, and the chancres soon disappear.”
SEROUS ABSCESS.
It not unfrequently happens from the violence applied in
canker to the inflamed organ by the dog himself, or, indepen-
dent of canker existing, from blows or bruises, that an effusion
‘of serum takes place between the integument on the inside of
the ear and the cartilage underneath, giving the organ a pecu-
liar, dropsical, baggy appearance. In such a case it is best to
open the sac at its most dependent part with a lance, making
a free incision, and evacuating the contents. In a short time
the wound will heal, and the ear assume its natural condition.
There is no necessity to induce suppuration ; if nature estab-
lishes it, well and good, and it must then be treated as a sup-
purating sore.
POLYPUS.
The formation of polypus on the lining membrane of the
external meatus is not uncommon in the dog. The. tumor
usually assumes one of two forms: the soft and vascular,
situated in the anterior half of the meatus, or the full and
Igo THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
fleshy (sometimes fibro-cartilaginous), in the lower half of the
meatus.
Causes.—Protracted irritation or chronic inflammation of
the lining membrane of the meatus, or of that covering the
tympanum.
These tumors, when small and quiescent, are not attended
with any great inconvenience ; but when they become irri-
table, and the animal, in his attempts to rid himself of the
offending body, increases the irritability, they rapidly increase
in size, and give rise to deafness, pain, giddiness, and other
untoward results.
Symptoms.—lIn describing the symptoms of this affection,
I cannot do better than follow the example of other authors, in
transcribing a portion of Dr. Mercer’s paper in the “ Veterina-
rian” for 1844, on this subject :
‘‘Polypi produced from the tissues of the meatus may be
divided into two kinds:
“First. The soft vascular and bleeding polypus, usually
produced from the fibro-cartilaginous structure of the outer
half of the tube ; and, secondly, the hard and cartilaginous
polypus or excrescence produced from the lining membrane
of its inner half.
‘‘ As to the first of these forms of polypi, the haematoid, that
arise from the external soft structure of the tube, they may
be situated in any part of its parietes, but most commonly at
its superior and posterior surface. In form they are generally
pedunculated ; their surface is rough, irregular, and glisten-
ing, in consequence of being covered with a thin layer of
mucus, which is often tinged with blood, especially when any
‘degree of violence has been applied to the external ear, and
which has also been exerted upon the tumor. When the
tumor becomes protruded externally, it has a blood-red and
pulpy appearance, and its sensibility is so great that any ma-
nipulation of the concha, so as to investigate the condition of
the external meatus, is attended with great pain, and is also
often followed with considerable haemorrhage.
DISEASES OF THE EAR. Ig!
“The second variety of polypus growth, the chondroma-
tous, is that which is produced from the lining membrane of
the inner half of the tube, the dermo-periosteum, and in its
structure it differs somewhat from the former; it is more
dense, and almost cartilaginous, and usually having a broad
and more sessile base, occupies a greater extent of the parietes
of the tube. Its surface is comparatively smooth, pale, and
almost insensible to the touch; but according to the extent
of the ulcerative process behind and within it, so will the
nature and properties of the discharge be with which it is
“accompanied.
“ Both these species of polypus of the meatus, the hama-
toid and chondromatous, are most commonly connected with,
and accompanied by, ulceration of the softer tissues, or caries
of the auditory process. These excrescences are usually situ-
ated externally to the seat of ulceration, being produced from
the vascular margin of the ulcer; and so long as they are
permitted to remain, the latter morbid condition, the canker
of the ear, will be kept up for an indefinite period ; hence,
should the animal be of any value, it becomes a matter of
considerable importance to arrive at an accurate diagnosis of
the actual condition of the diseased parts. The symptoms,
therefore, which attend the existence of polypoid growths of
the external meatus are very similar to those that indicate
the chronic form of internal canker of the ear. These are
also preceded by those of general pyrexia, which usher in the
local disease, such as general languor and lassitude, loss of
appetite, considerable thirst, turning out of the coat, and ball-
ing of the feces. As these-constitutional and general symp-
toms diminish in severity, then those characteristic of the
local disease become gradually and more manifestly evinced.
The animalhas a dull, heavy, and rather watery eye ; he moans
or whines at intervals ; and if his master be present he feels
a pleasure, a confidence, and a relief in pressing and rubbing.
his aching ear against any part of his master’s body. Under
other circumstances he presses and harrows it against the
a
192 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
ground, so as to obtain a slight relief, and then with an in-
stinctive feeling he flaps his ears and shakes his head rapidly
and repeatedly, so as to keep up the pleasurable relief he thus
obtains. Should the symptoms be not so severe as those
which I have now mentioned, the animal may still be sus-
pected, at a glance, to be laboring under acute disease of the
ear, by his running about with little intermission, his mouth
open, and tongue protruded, and panting, and with a stupid
sensibility shaking his head, and pointing the affected ear to
the ground. These symptoms, however, are most commonly
allowed to pass unheeded, and in a few days a partial relief is
obtained to the animal by the sudden and profuse discharge
of a quantity of foetid pus. From this time the general and
constitutional symptoms disappear, and those indicative of
the local affection are alone predominant. The local dis-
charge of pus, or pus and blood, becomes daily more and
more foetid, in consequence of the extension of the disease to
the body tissue of the meatus, and the poor animal is thrust
aside as an object of loathing and disgust,
“Should the dog, in the earlier stage of the disease, be
muzzled and cast, and an inspection of the meatus be had
recourse to, then there will either be found a phlegmonous
abscess of the cellulo-fibrous structure of. the meatus, circum-
scribed dermo-periostitis of the inner part of the tube, with
caries of the osseous portion, or internal muco-tympanitis,
with perforation of the membrana tympani, and evacuation of
the matter along the external canal.
“Tn that form of the disease to which I specially refer—
where a polypoid excrescence follows and accompanies the
ulceration or caries—if a period of three weeks or a month be
allowed to elapse between the first exhibition of the discharge
and the examination of the meatus, it may be found that the
vegetation has attained a considerable size, and the discharge
has become more and more profuse and bloody. The extent
of bloody discharge, and its foetidity, will much depend on the
nature of the tumor, and the original tissue of the meatus
DISEASES OF THE EAR. 193
that may be affected. If there is much blood mixed up with
the discharge, then in all likelihood there will exist a soft and
vascular polypus, produced from the more vital fibro-cartila-
ginous structures of the meatus; and should the smell be
great, and the discharge little tinged with blood, then the
original disease will be found to exist in the osseous portion
of the tube, and the polypus, if it does exist, will be of the
chondromatous or cartilaginous kind.”
Lreatment.—This should consist, if the growth is in the
outer half of the meatus, and within reach, in removal by
torsion, ligature, or excision, and the subsequent application
of caustic. If near to the tympanum, such an operation
would be attended with danger, and the potassa cum calce, as
recommended in human surgery, is best adapted to the case.
The injection of mild astringents should, in the course of a
few days, follow either measure.
: DEAFNESS.
Deafness in dogs may be congenital,* or result from ob-
struction in the auditory passage, caused by disease, injury,
the lodgment of water, or it may result from paralysis of the
auditory nerve from severe shock. Youatt observes, with
regard to cropping : “ Deafness is occasionally produced by it
in some dogs, and constantly in others, The frequent deaf-
ness of the pug is solely attributable to the outrageous, as well
as absurd, rounding of his ears. ‘The almost invariable deaf-
ness of the white wire-haired terrier, is to be traced to this
cause.”
Treatment.—lf deafness proceed from congenital causes,
it is needless to remark that a cure is hopeless. Where it is
* I recently examined a white terrier, belonging to a clergyman, in
which the sense of hearing had never been recognized—being, in fact,
congenital, and the animal was destroyed in consequence.
13
194 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
due to morbid growths, resulting from canker, polypus, or
other diseases, the removal of such obstruction is indicated.
If from paralysis—counter-irritation behind the ears, by blis-
ters of seton, and the administration of strychnine or nux
vomica, are the measures to be adopted.
SCURFY EARS.
Scurfy ears are frequently met with in long-haired dogs,
and may either be associated with mange, or the result of an
over-heated, plethoric habit of body—more frequently the
latter. If neglected, this condition is apt to run on to
_ canker.
Treatment.—An aperient, followed by drachm doses of
sulphur in a bolus daily, and a spare, unstimulating diet,
usually removes the affection. An ointment composed of
sulphur and whale oil may, in obstinate cases, be applied with
success to the ears.
CHAPTER XIV.
DISEASES OF THE SKIN.—EXTERNAL PARASITES.
MANGE (SarcopTic), = RINGWORM (HoneEycoms),
MANGE (FOLLICULAR), WARTS,
ECZEMA, FLEAS,
ERYTHEMA, LICE,
RINGWORM (PROPER), TICKS,
MANGE ( SARCOPTIC).
THE term “mange” is generally used by those people who
dabble in canine matters without the knowledge necessary to
diagnoze correctly, to denote any affection of the skin, which
results in eruption, irritation, or the detachment of hair.
The true mange of the dog is analogous to the itch of
man, and the riff of the horse. It is due to the presence of a
small acarus (Sarcoptes canis)—Fig. 22. Another species
termed Follicular mange, is also very frequently met with in
dogs. This likewise is due to the presence of an acarus
(Acarus folliculorum or Demodex caninus)—Fig. 23.
Mange, of whichever species, can only be propagated by
the migration, directly or indirectly, of the parasite giving
rise to it. Filth and neglect favor parasitic development, but _
do not of themselves produce the disease.
Symptoms. —Ordinary or sarcoptic mange is characterized,
at its earliest period, by intense itching. If the skin of the
affected part is examined, there will be observed small red
(195)
196 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
points like flea-bites. These eventually become pustular and
break, exuding a serous fluid, which produces thick, dark
crusts which are ultimately cast off, leaving the part denuded
of hair and of a bleached appearance.
The violent scratching attendant on the affection through-
out, creates extreme soreness, and frequently open wounds.
The hair about the affected region becomes matted together,
and the animal is rendered an object of disgust and pity.
Fig. 23.
Acarus Fo.iicutorum. Mature
Fig. 22- SpecIMENS. a@, MovutH; 4, Pa-
Sarcoptes Canis. (GRRLACH.) PILL4E ON EACH SIDE; ¢. FEET.
(FLEMING.)
The disease, if not checked early, rapidly extends to the
whole body. In such a case the poor animal knows no peace,
and the debility is extreme.
Treatment.—The treatment of mange is a matter of no
great difficulty, if properly adopted. The recipes are various,
and most of them good; and failure is dependent, as a rule,
on the mode of applying them, and in neglecting those sani-
tary measures so necessary in diseases of this description.
DISEASES OF THE SKIN,—EXTERNAL PARASITES 197
A dog suffering from mange requires either shaving to as-
certain the extent of the affection, or else to be thoroughly
dressed all over. The necessity of this will be apparent,
when we bear in mind that a single acarus will produce in a
fortnight upwards of twenty young.
For the same reason all the litter should be destroyed, and
the habitation thoroughly cleansed each day—if in the ken-
nel—with boiling water, slightly impregnated with ammonia
or carbonic acid. Old mats, particularly wool ones, should
never be allowed for repose in mange; plain straw or
shavings, where litter is required, are the most suitable
agents.
Before the application of any dressing, the animal should
be well washed with warm water and soft soap. The oint-
ment I find most successful in mange is
Sulphur Sub. BRD SATE co Crete ere 8 ounces.
Wrhale-Otls.wendsaiomeciney § oom sawed aan 8 ounces.
Qill GR Laie testge eaters | Aten sion Kees Y% ounce
Ung. Aydt arisen ccna cosine sus tye saan 1% ounce
To be well blended, and applied as indicated. Wash off
and repeat in three days, and again after the same interval if
necessary..
For mild cases the ordinary sulphur ointment, made with
sublimed sulphur and soft soap, whale oil, or lard, frequently
suffices ; or half an ounce of ol. terebinth to six ounces of
whale oil is a useful application.
Benzine and paraffine have of late been commonly and
successfully used, and I have no fault to find with those agents,
save that they usually require frequent repetition.
Tobacco-water is a popular remedy with some persons, but
from its narcotic effects, through absorption, it is not an advis-
able one. -
Carbolic acid is another, and in the use of this drug still
greater caution is required ; its strength should never be less
than 1-50 of soap-suds or whale-oil.
198 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG,
Mr. Fleming * observes: ‘“‘ The remedies proposed for sca-
bies in the dog are exceed ingly numerous; and it would be alto-
gether beyond our object to attempt an enumeration of even
a tithe of them. They consist of baths, liniments, and oint-
ments. Among the former may be mentioned the sulphuret
of potassium—one part to five of rain-water. Also corrosive
sublimate, one part to fifty of water; carbolic acid, in the
proportion of one to forty of soap-suds or glycerine, is also a
good remedy, but requires care. ‘The liniments are, perhaps,
better applications than either the baths or ointments. A
very good preparation is the following: Oil of tar, one ounce ;
sulphur, one ounce; common oil, one pint. To be allowed
to stand, in the sun or near a fire, for some time, and fre-
quently shaken. Prangé recommends the subacetate of .
lead (liquid) and olive-oil, of each thirty parts ; sulphur, fifteen
parts.
“With regard to ointments, the Helmeric pomade already
mentioried is very efficacious. Mercurial ointment, and dif-
ferent compounds of mercury, are much resorted to ; but these
are readily absorbed by the skin. Dressings of tobacco have
the same disadvantage. It is generally a good plan ‘to’ wash
the animal well with soft-soap or carbonate of potass, in warm
water before applying the parasiticide. The latter should be
washed off the skin after it has been applied three or four
days. Ifthe skin is covered with long, thick hair, it is ad-
visable to have this cut off.
“The success of the remedy depénds very much on the
care with which it is applied to every part of the skin.
“ For house-dogs, and especially those with fine skins and
‘smooth hair, a very excellent and safe remedy is the balsam
of Peru, dissolved in alcohol (one of balsam to four of alco-
hol). This is an effective acaricide, and has not an unpleas-
ant odor.
* “ Veterinary Sanitary Science,” vol. ii. p. 458.
DISEASES OF THE SKIN.—EXTERNAL PARASITES, 199
FOLLICULAR MANGE.
This species of mange, from the acari being buried in the
sebaceous and hair follicles, and their migration to a great
extent thus hindered, is not so contagious as the sarcoptic
form. “Indeed, an affected dog may cohabit with others for
some time without extending the disease.* The animal
whose case is described by Weiss, lived for from eight to fifteen
days with other dogs, which remained unaffected. This fea-
ture in follicular scabies is accounted for by the situation and
habits of the parasite, and its conformation. Burrowing
deeply into the follicle, it only leaves its habitation, in all
probability, when carried from it by the fluid thrown out in
the follicle, for its limbs’ are very short, and are not furnished
with suckers so that it is not well adapted for travelling, dif-
fering in this respect from the ordinary acarus. Nevertheless,
in some instances the slightest accidental contact will suffice
for its transference from a diseased to a healthy dog ; and
when conveyed experimentally to the skin of the latter, it
propagates it in a very remarkable manner. MHaubner de-
posited several, with a view to elucidate the contagiousness
of the affection, and he found that, in about twenty-four
hours, there was a slight tumefaction of the skin where they
had been placed ; in forty-eight hours the follicles contained
a purulent fluid, in which young and adult acari and ova could
be perceived. The eruption extended ; but eventually the
parasites disappeared, and a spontaneous cure took place.”
Symptoms.—These likewise are not so easy of distinction
as in sarcoptic mange. At first, circumscribed tumefactions
of the skin take place : these tumefactions are hot, and usually
blotchy, or patched with red. In a very short time small
* This fact will serve to explain why the contagiousness of scabies has
’ been denied and affirmed by different authorities in this country, where
only one kind of parasitic “mange ” has been hitherto recognized in the
dog.
* Fleming’s “ Veterinary Sanitary Science,” vol. ii. p. 457.
-
200 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
pimples makes their appearance, which rapidly become pus-
tular, break, and exude serum, or, in severe cases, pus. The
matter thus exuded forms scabs, or crusts—the skin is thick-
ened and chapped as in common mange.
The itching attendant on follicular mange is not excessive
nor continuous. The disease usually commences on the head,
and from thence extends to the body ; it is of long duration,
and very obstinately yields to treatment.
Detached hair is rarely replaced, owing to the destruc-
tion of the hair follicle.
Treatment—The difficulty experienced in reaching the
acari renders curative measures somewhat troublesome and
unsatisfactory. Mercurial agents are, perhaps, the most use-
ful. White precipitate, combined with sulphur and whale-oil,
is a very excellent formula. ;
The following ointment (my own prescription) has been in
my practice attended with the best results in cases of follicu-
lar mange.
Acid Acetic.
aa 2 drachms.
Ol. Terebinth:............2...-5-
OMA sora wucha Seghwetaunnienaies usles ¥% ounce.
Wings PRY CRAB is. os asnlsse sence d.aciunmsece’s I es
SU PRUE’ nines uaestes aya head 8 ounces.
Whiale-dtlis case ccnscangae gee Seating 10 i +
The whole to be well mixed, and rubbed on the affected
parts for five minutes. Wash off in forty-eight hours with
soft-soap and warm water, and when the skin is dry apply to
the surface whale-oil ; and the following day, without wash-
ing, repeat as Lefore the ointment-dressing. Allow a week
to elapse before another dressing of the same, if necessary, is
applied. In recent cases a third application is not often re-
quired. After each dressing, the kennel should be thoroughly
cleansed-and disinfected before the dog is suffered to inhabit
it. All wood and iron-work should be well scoured with boil-
ing water and soda, and to any brick-work, after first brushing,
limewash with carbolic acid should be applied.
DISEASES OF THE SKIN.—EXTERNAL PARASITES, 201
Mr. Hunting, after a series of unsuccessful experiments,
made conjointly with Professor Duguid, in the treatment of
follicular mange, observes :
“Tt occurred to Mr. Duguid that, as the parasites were
situated so deeply in the skin, it might assist the action of
any dressing if we could soften and break up the cuticular
layer of the: skin. With this object in view we employed a
solution of caustic potass, in addition to a creosote dressing,
and with marked benefit. To facilitate the action of the .
dressing still further we adopted the plan of frequent wash-
ings of soap and warm water, gently removing at the same
time any scabs, and rupturing any pustules. The following,”
says Mr. Hunting, “is the formula I advise: olive-oil, seven
parts, and creosote one part, well shaken together, then add
two parts of strong solution of caustic potass. This is to be
applied every third or fourth day, to all diseased spots, with
a piece of rag, and the dog should be washed a few hours
before each dressing. To prevent the spread of the diseas¢
when limited to small or single spots, it is well to si.uve off
the hair for about an inch around each diseased part, and in
cases where most of the body is affected, we shave the whole
animal. This operation deprives the parasite of all protec-
tion afforded by the hair, and is not unnecessarily severe, as,
without shaving, the loss of hair is certain to be very great,
and much hair hides from view the first symptom of new cen-
tres of disease.
“ Considering the damage done to the roots of the hair, we
should expect but a very partial reproduction of the coat. It
is, then, satisfactory to be able to state that itis thoroughly
_and completely restored when the parasite is got rid of, save
ion any small spot where the skin was so damaged as to be
repaired by cicatrization.
“The proper recognition of this disease is the most im-
portant part, because many dogs will not pay for three or four
months’ treatment, and because this dressing is unnecessarily
severe for ordinary mange, and decidedly injurious to those
202 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
cases of skin disease due merely to constitutional disturbance.
Very young or: very small dogs must be treated carefully, as
the dressing is apt to affect them injuriously. If lessened in
strength it is not certain to destroy the parasite.”*
“Ziirn asserts that he has frequently succeeded with an
ointment composed of one part of benzine to four, of lard.
Weiss recommends the inunction of essence of juniper.
Zundel states that the balsam of Peru has often yielded good
results when the malady has not been of too long duration.
‘He has employed it, dissolved in alcohol (one to thirty); he
has likewise used the green iodide of mercury with success,
as well as the nitrate of silver ointment. Hoper speaks
highly of an ointment composed of carbolic acid ; and Vogel
prescribes a solution of caustic potash.” T
-, ECZEMA.
This disease, which is commonly known as “blotch” or
“red mange,” is a frequent and troublesome affection with
dogs. Itis analogous to the eczema, crusta lactea, humid
tetter, or scald, so often seen in infants and young children.
Eczema may be either acute or chronic, and local or gen-
eral. The two forms usually seen are, 1. That which attacks
the head, and along the back. 2: That in which the integu-
ment generally is red, more particularly visible between the
thighs, underneath the arms, and on the abdomen, and which
is the form called “red mange.”
Eczema f is a non-contagious affection of the skin, char-
acterized by the eruption of minute vesicles in great numbers,
and frequently confluent, upon a surface of irregular form,
* Hunting, “ Diseases of Dogs:” “Live Stock Journal and Fancier’s
Gazette,” February 11th, 1876.
t Fleming’s “ Veterinary Sanitary Science,” vol. ii. p. 459.
¢ From “‘ éxCetv,” egervere, to boil out.
DISEASES OF THE SKIN.—EXTERNAL PARASITES. 203
and usually of considerable extent. The vesicles are so
closely aggregated in some situations, as to give rise to one
continuous vesicle of great breadth. These larger vesicles,
when laid open, appear to be cellular in their structure 3 the
cellular disposition obviously depending on the juxtaposition
of the numerous small. vesicles of which they. are composed.
The vesicles of eczema terminate by absorption of the fluid
which they contain, or by rupture and moist excoriations suc-
ceeded by thin crusts, and by furfuraceous desquamation.
The eruption is generally successive, and - variable in dura-
tion ; it sometimes extends to the mucous membrane, and is
often developed on the scalp and hair-bearing parts of the
body.*
All dogs are liable to become eczematous, and those used
for sporting purposes more particularly so. One attack pre-
‘disposes the animal to another, and the latter frequently es-
tablishes chronic eczema. ’
Causes.—Insufficient exercise and injudicious feeding are
the two chief causes of eczema in dogs. A too stimulating
diet, an excessive supply of animal food, a denial of the ex-
ercise necessary in such cases to balance the effect of these
measures, result in an over-charged and over-heated system,
and nature, to avoid worse consequences, endeavors to get
rid of this pressure by means of serous outpouring or exuda-
tion. :
Treatment—Saline aperients are in the first instance ad-
visable ; when the irritation is extreme and considerable con-
stitutional disturbance is manifested, a grain each of opium
and calomel may be administered with benefit.
With regard to local applications, the skin should never
be washed or rubbed, in the dressing with agents, more than
is absolutely necessary. The benzoated oxide of zinc oint-
ment, smeared over once or twice a day is a very effectual
remedy. Another exceedingly useful one is:
¥* Wilson’s “ Diseases of the Skin,” p. 164.
204 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG,
Oxide of Zin Cicnceeiabrasy. peacatets t aa ¥% ounce
Olive: Gilvxs gacswcicesmcce ceed
Arnica Tinct.......0-.--.0500- 2 drachms.
Rose-water.... sss eeeeee eee cee 7 ounces.
To be applied three or four times a day.
Where there is much wetness of surface and irritation, the
parts may with benefit be dusted from time to time with plain
flour, or 1 part of powdered alum to 6 of flour. Debility and
wasting is overcome with mineral tonics and cod-liver oil.
The diet should be plain, nutritious, but not stimulating.
Daily exercise should also be allowed.
Chronic Eczema, though not accompanied by the same
amount of irritation and constitutional disturbance as the
former, is nevertheless a troublesome, and oftentimes a te-
dious affection. '
“Tn chronic eczema other topical remedies are required,
one while to relieve prurities, and another while to exert a
discutient action on the affected part. The juniper-tar oint-
ment, considerably diluted, is an excellent anti-pruritic rem-
edy ; while stronger, or of its full strength, it is powerfully
discutient. Among the best of the discutient remedies are
the ointments of the nitric and hydrochloric salts of mercury,
variously diluted ; for example, the nitric oxide of mercury,
unguentum hydrargyri nitratis, and unguentum hydrargyri
ammonio-chloridi. In some forms of chronic eczema one or
other of these ointments is specific ; for example, the unguen-
tum hydrargyri, nitrico-oxydi diluted to the extent of one ‘part
in four, in pityriasis capitis; the unguentum hydrargyri ni-
tratis, one part in eight, in psoriasis palpebrarum, etc. Some-
times eczema rubrum and eczema impetiginoedes, when of
long continuance, or when the water-dressings or poultice
have been unduly prolonged, become excessively tender, so
tender, in fact, as to be irritated by the mildest application.
I have such a case in remembrance, wherein the disease of
the skin was rendered most distressing by its associations with
a kind of cutaneous neuralgia ; and I have since seen several
DISEASES OF THE SKIN.—-EXTERNAL PARASITES. 205
cases of asimilar kind. In this morbidly sensitive state of
the skin and of the eruption, I have found no remedy act so
well as a solution of nitrate of silver in distilled water, in the
proportion of one grain to the ounce.” *
In such cases, constitutional treatment is not to be over-
looked. Small doses of arsenicum or calomel are attended
with considerable benefit, iron and quinine also are of ser-
vice. The animal should be kept dry, and the bedding clean.
Exercise and nutritious feeding must likewise be observed.
A species of eczema is not unfrequently produced through
the incautious use of mercury (eczema mercuriale or hydrargy-
ria). “An eruption occurs, characterized by round irritable
patches of skin from which a secretion oozes, and which are
denuded of hair. The skin is at first red, swollen, and after-
wards rough and hard. In dogs the eruption occurs chiefly on
the limbs and scrotum. The: general symptoms are loss of
appetite, salivation, closure of the eyelids, great dulness, offen-
sive exhalations from the skin, and sometimes death. Re-
coveries occur slowly. :
ERYTHEMA.
Dogs are occasionally affected with superficial inflamma-
tion of the skin, which chiefly takes place on the face, espe-
cially about the mouth.and the extremities. The inflammation
occurs in patches, which are -throughout attended with but
little heat or irritation, except in the latter stages of the affec-
tion, when the skin on the portions attacked peels off, leaving
the surface underneath red and sensitive; then more or less
febrile disturbance is apt to take place. When the pad of the
foot is involved, the animal walks with reluctance and evident
* Wilson’s “ Diseases of the Skin, p.” 191.
+ Gamgee’s “ Our Domestic Animals in Health and Disease,” vol. ii,
p- 133-
206 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
soreness. Young dogs, particularly when teething, are those
usually attacked. The disease is non-contagious, and readily
yields to treatment.
Treatment.—Mild saline aperients in the first instance,
followed by tonics, forms the most effectual medicinal treat-
ment.
With regard to local applications, the oxide of zinc oint-
ment or lotion is most suitable. Sponging with cold vinegar
and water or a weak solution of alum is likewise beneficial.
The diet shou'd be plain and unstimulating.
- RINGWORM (Proper).
This disease is occasionally met with in the dog. It is
due to the presence of a minute vegetable parasite or fungus
(Lricophyton tonsurans, Malmsten, or Achorion Lebertit).
Ringworm is exceedingly contagious, communicable from
man to the lower animal, and vice versd.
Causes.—Cold, wet seasons ; badly drained, dirty, and un-
comfortable kennels ; insufficient and nutritious food ; inat-
tention to the cleanliness of the skin, are each conducive to
the presence of ringworm.
Symptoms.—The most prominent symptom is the dhenae:
teristic circular patch, with silver scaly crusts, whilst the pres-
ence of the fungus at once removes any doubt that may exist.
The hair has a dry harsh appearance, is exceedingly brittle,
and easily detached. As the disease advances, the hair.
breaks of itself close to the crust, and when the latter is re-
moved, the hairs are exhibited in short, bristle-like pieces, sur-
rounded with the spores of the fungus.
From the animal biting, rubbing, or scratching itself, the
characteristic shape is sometimes obliterated.
The period of incubation is from eight to fourteen days.
‘ Zreatment,—Mild mercurial and iodine ointments are gen-
DISEASES OF THE SKIN.—EXTERNAL PARASITES. 207
erally effectual in the treatment of ringworm. The following
is also a very useful application :—
Whale-oil.. 0.2... cece cece cence eee 6 ounces.
PETS BUTCH ce see sscacicae gosta x lasting eiaygcdviorecanavens 2 ounces.
QOilsof “Taticns sccoseemseniss sénae tnt 1 drachm.
| Acetic Acid............000088 Paaeeig . 1 drachm.
To be applied to the parts after first thoroughly washing the
skin with soft-soap and warm water, and repeated in two days
and so on, as may be necessary.
“ Attention to hygiéne is the principal object. Good food
and cleanliness must be insisted upon. Recovery will be
greatly accelerated by topical remedies. The scales should
be removed by washing the parts with soap. and water, or
hyposulphite of soda lotion; or, if the crusts are very ad-
herent, dressing them with oil and afterwards washing. The
diseased places may then be treated with a weak solution of
corrosive sublimate, carbolic acid, tincture of cantharides or
iodine, oil of tar, chloride of zinc, paraffine ; or mercurial
iodine, or oxide of zinc ointment. This cures the disease
very speedily, and promptly checks its extension.
“Tf there is any emaciation, tonics may be necessary.’””*
RINGWORM (Howneycoms). -
But little is known of this species of ringworm as affeeting
the dog. The disease, like the former, is due to the presence
of a fungus, the Achorion Schonleinii, or Favus Tinea favosa.
The parasite is situated in the hair follicle, external to the
layer of epithelium which covers the root ofthe hair. It has
a peculiar mousey odor, or, according to others, that resem-
bling cat’s urine. ;
The causes giving rise to this affection are supposed to be
* Fleming’s “ Veterinary Sanitary Science,” vol. ii. p. 471.
208 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG
uncleanliness, neglect in hygitne, and certain peculiar and
humid conditions of the skin. ;
Symptoms.—Fleming observes: “ The disease may appear
in any part of the body of animals, according to the point of
infection. It affects mice generally; but cats which are in-
fected from them usually have it first at the base of the claws
of the fore-feet. In the dog it has been seen on the head,
and it usually affects the head in the human species. In the
rabbits I saw diseased, the parasite was sat first on the nose
and face, but gradually extended towards the shoulders.
“ The disease commences with an increased proliferation
of epidermic cells, and soon after a little white sub-epidermic
speck becomes visible, which quickly develops into a favus-
cup—the developed fungus. As the elements of the latter
grow, they collect about and in the hair-follicle, each favus-
cup being pierced near its centre by a hair. At first the fav
are merely yellow specks.
“When the malady is of some duration, it is characterized
by one or more masses of irregular crusts, more or less fis-
sured, of a somewhat pitchy consistency, offering, when
broken, a fine granular structure, and having a bright yellow
color, like sulphur. They affect a remarkable disposition ;
their contour, sometimes very circular, at other times more or
less notched, forms a slight prominence that rises alittle above
the surrounding skin; their centre is, on the contrary, to a
greater or less degree concave ; the conformation that gives
the crust the aspect of a cup. ,
“ These capsules, or favz, are more or less numerous, and
more or less extensive. At the free surface of the crusts
there are often found dry, bristly hairs that appear to pass
through the entire thickness of the favous mass, and are easily
pulled out. Ata later period, these hairs are shed from the
follicles—not broken off, or sharply cut away close to the
crusts, as in Zinea tonsurans.
“Tf the crusts are carefully removed, the skin beneath
is observed to be thin and depressed, and looking as if
DISEASES OF THE SKIN.—EXTERNAL PARASITES, 209.
atrophied by compression ; but smooth, not ulcerated, and
either quite dry or moist from serous exudation ; sometimes
it is pale and anemic; but more frequently red, irritated,
and sufficiently transparent to show some very fine blood-
vessels. Around the margin of the crust the skin is sensibly
inflamed, red, thickened, and rises into a somewhat salient
prominence. In the dog there is much pruritis: a symptom
which is rarely noticeable in the cat; otherwise, it does not
appear to exercise any prejudicial effect on the general
_ health,
“ Another form is that in which the plant is found in de-
pressions on the surface of the skin, forming the yellow
honeycomb-like masses which gave the name ‘favus’ to the
disease, and which, from their being frequently buckle-shaped,
_ suggested the term ‘scutulata.’ A cuticular elevation is
seen, beneath which is a small favus. Generally there is no
pus or fluid of any kind ; the fungus grows, and the cuticle
above it, supposing it fe have become forcibly detached,
finally separates, leaving the favus exposed.”*
Treatment.—With regard to curative measures the same
able writer observes ; “The crusts should be removed by
alkaline washes—hyposulphite of soda, or raising them by
means of a spatula or the blunt extremity of curved scissors,
taking care not to make the part bleed. When the skin has
been.cleansed in this manner as much as possible, a concen-
trated solution of corrosive sublimate (one to five of the sub-
limate to fifty of distilled water) should be applied every day.
After the first application, the favus crusts sometimes have a
tendency to be reproduced, and the cryptogamic elements to
multiply. In such a case, it is necessary again to remove the
crusts, as at first. Five or six dressings are usually sufficient.
At times, however, and especially when the disease is seated
at the base of the claw (as in the cat), they must be continued
for a longer period. Under the influence of this treatment,
the skin, which is depressed on its surface, is not long before
* Fleming’s “ Veterinary Sanitary Science,” vol. ii. PP- 474; 475+
(14
210 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
o
it regains its normal vitality and thickness. During the first
two or three days a new crust forms ; but this has not the
sulphur-yellow color of the primary crust, and if examined
with the microscope, there are no longer to be found traces of
the parasite, but only numerous epithelial elements. Finally
this kind of crust falls off, leaving the skin hairless, but every-
where level, smooth, and supple. Then the hair begins to
grow, and in a variable period—generally about three months
—it is difficult to discover the part that has been affected.
“ An ointment composed of one_ part nitrate of silver to
1oo parts of lard, has also been successfully employed.
“ Mercurial ointment, tar ointment, and sulphate of mer-
cury ointment, have also been beneficially used. In some
cases, it may be necessary to remove the hair.”*
WARTS.
The dog, though not perhaps so frequently as the horse, is
nevertheless very subject to warts. The eyelids, ears, mouth,
and lips are the situations most favorable to their growth;
not unfrequently they are seen on the penis.
“A wart is a state of hypertrophy of the papillae of the
derma, attended with an increased production of epidermis.
Warts are usually of small size, and of a rounded figure,
verruca simplex ; sometimes, however, they appear in the form
of bands several lines in breadth, and of variable length.
They are generally insensible, rough to the touch, and their
medium projection from the surface is about a line.”
“When warts have grown to some length, their extremity
becomes rough, and their fibrous structure is distinctly ap-
parent ; it not unfrequently happens that warts of long stand-
ing split and break up in the direction of these vertical
fibres, verruca lobosa.” i
* Fleming’s ‘‘ Veterinary Sanitary Science,” vol. ii. pp. 480, 481.
DISEASES OF THE SKIN.—EXTERNAL PARASITES,: 211
“Warts are generally known as isolated growths, or dis-
persed in scanty groups on different parts of the body ; but
they are sometimes met with so sir as to constitute
an eruption of warts,” *
. Treatment.—Excision, ligature, or caustic. In isolated
watts the two former are most advisable, and the occasional
application of caustic afterwards may follow. Of caustics,
potassa fusa, nitric acid, acetic acid, and nitrate of silver are
those generally used. I have found the oxide of mercury
made into a paste with sulphuric acid, and a thin layer ap-
plied to the surface of the wart, more effectual than any thing
else. Of course the latter treatment is chiefly adapted to
external warts.
FLEAS.
Fleas are one of the common pests of dog life. Not only
are they a perpetual annoyance, but.an indirect cause of much
mischief, from the remedies sometimes adopted for their de-
struction. As more or less in all parasitic associations, un-
cleanliness favors their presence. In hot weather they are
more abundant, and increase very rapidly.
Treatment.—Among the popular remedies for the destruc-
tion of. fleas may be mentioned: Persian insect powder, vari-
ous dog-soaps, paraffine, benzoline, tobacco- ‘water, carbolic
acid solutions, etc.
I usually, and with success, prescribe the following :
Spts. Camph. .............4.. 1 drachm.
Ol. Terebinth. ...........-..5- 4 drachm.
Acid Carbolic. ,...... baganga wees ro minims.
A tablespoonful, in half a pint of chilled water, to be rub-
bed into the skin with a piece of flannel. Wash off in twenty-
* Wilson’s “ Diseases of the Skin,” pp. 546, 547-
212 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG,
four hours with soft-soap and warm water, and repeat in three
days, if necessary.
Gamgee observes: “The best remedy that I have used for
fleas is oil of aniseed in common oil. The dog or cat must be
well smeared, and a few hours afterwards is to be washed
with soap and water. It is essential to attend to cleanliness,
and to destroy all fleas or their larvae wherever dogs are
accustomed to sleep, such as in kennels,” etc.
Fresh fine shavings, or sawdust, on which turpentine may
be slightly sprinkled, forms a prospective bedding from fleas.
LICE.
These insects, though not giving rise to the same amount
of irritability as the former, are, nevertheless, troublesome,
and perhaps more annoying from the fact that they are usually
an indication of uncleanliness. They are generally found in
greater abundance about the back and posterior parts. They
are hatched from eggs or nits attached to the hair. The dog-
louse produces no irritation on the human skin.
Lreatment.—The white precipitate powder, brushed into
the coat, or the ointment rubbed in the skin, and removed in
the course of five or six hours, forms the most effectual treat-
ment for their destruction and removal.
TICKS.
The dog-tick (Zxodes ricinus) is uncommon compared with
the two preceding parasites. The creature causes considerable
irritation to its host, and, from feeding on the blood by suc-
tion, give rise, where they exist in any number, to debility.
Treatment.—Forcible removal, and dressing with mercu-
.Tial preparations.
CHAPTER XV.
INTERNAL PARASITES. (ENTOZOA.)
ENTOZOA.
Or all the domesticated animals, the dog appears most
subject to being infected with internal parasites.
Thanks to Dr. Cobbold, this matter has of late years been
made a prominent and distinct study at the Royal Veterinary
College, London. From his interesting and able work on
“The Internal parasites of our Domesticated Animals ”—to
Fig. 24.
Tue Liver Fiuxe or Tue Doc. (Lewss.)
(243)
214 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
which for a fuller description I refer my readers—I transcribe
some of his remarks referring to the dog, with the accompany-
ing illustrations :
“Tt is surprising what,a number of entozoa infest the dog :
and it is still more remarkable to observe what a number of
creatures, including man himself, are cestined to play the
role of intermediary bearer of the canine parasites in their
juvenile stages of development. It is this consideration which,
to my mind, renders the dog, in the matter of parasitism, far
more important than any other domesticated animal that can
be named.”
The following are the specimens mentioned by Dr. Cob-
bold: Distoma conjunctum (Fig. 24), obtained originally by
Dr. Cobbold from the liver-ducts of an American red fox, and
spoken to by Dr. Lewis as “not unfrequently met with in the
bile-ducts ” of the pariah dogs of India.
Holostoma alatum, another fluke (the winged), which, Dr.
Cobbold observes, may be readily taken for the above, is
occasionally found in the stomach and intestines of the dog,
but more commonly in the alimentary canal of the fox.
“When people speak of ‘ worms’ in the dog, they common-
ly refer to round and tapeworms ; and in place of recognizing,
as they might, fully a score or more of internal parasites, they
are content to roll the entire series into three or four species
only. It is the function of the helminthologist to correct
this error. Thus, of the so-called lumbricoid and filariform
worms, we have no less than eight or nine distinct forms, and
of these the most.common species is the margined round
worm.”
This lumbricoid of the dog (Ascaris marginata) is proba-
bly identical with the mustached worm of the cat (Ascaris
mystax). It is sometimes described as the long round worm.
The males acquire a length of from two to nearly three inches,
whilst the females measure four, five, or even six inches from
head to tail. To afford some notion of its prevalence, I may
state that it was found at Vienna in 104 out of 144 dogs dis-
INTERNAL PARASITES. (ENTOZOA.) ge
sected for that purpose; and Dr. Krabbe obtained it at
Copenhagen in 122 instances from the fost-mortem examina-
tions of 500 dogs.
According to my own experiences, it occurs in English dogs
at the rate of about seventy per cent. Occupying principally
the small intestines, but often wandering into the stomach,
and occasionally also making its way into the throat and
nostril, this parasite is a frequent source of severe intestinal
disturbance, sometimes producing even death itself. Cats
and dogs alike are. constantly throwing them up, and it is a
great relief to the host when they are thus dislodged. Their
occasional passage by the ordinary outlet is also a matter of
common observation ; but it is not so very generally under-
stood that these modes of egress are often the result of a
voluntary wandering ort the part of the guest.. This is prac-
tically of some moment, because it accounts for the circum-
stance of their being sometimes found in the nasal passages,
and in other unusual situations.
The formidable nature of the symptoms which may thus
be superinduced have been fully indicated in a letter of mine
which appeared in the Fie/d for December 21, 1872. Under
ordinary circumstances, the symptoms in the dog are those of
irregular intestinal: action, accompanied with nausea and
spasmodic colic, irritation, a voracious appetite, and more or
less loss of flesh. In addition, there may be fcetor of the
breath, accompanied bya short, husky cough, and an im-
poverished state of the coat ; and, either with or without any
of these symptoms, there may be more or less paralysis. I
may here make mention of an interesting case of paralysis
in puppies brought under my notice by Mr. Lewis (fied,
December 7, 1872), in which it was instructive to notice how
complete a cure followed the administration of a simple
aperient drug. Quite recently also a correspondent, writing
from Ceylon under the signature of “ Veddah,” gave a sug-
gestive instance where paralysis in dogs seemed to be entircly
due to worms (Fie/d, March, 15, p. 238).
216 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
A great variety of anthelmintics have been recommended ;
but for this particular worm there is probably nothing better
than castor-oil and santonine. As with the lumbricoids of
man, so with those of the cat and dog; in either case they
seem powerless to resist the action of this remedy. In the
human subject I bave known a grain of santonine sufficient
to expel a lumbricoid as large as a lob-worm ; and in the dog
or cat similar experiences have followed the employment of
from three to five grain doses. Several of my pupils have
adopted this mode of treatment with success.
The employment of more powerful vermifuges is rarely
necessary ; and even the areca-nut powder should generally
be reserved for tapeworm. Areca-nut powder is unquestion-
ably a good vermifuge, as I can testify from personal experi-
ence ; and I observe that it is strongly recommended by
“ Stonehenge,” in his admirable memoir, “On the Manage-
ment of Dogs.” It is, however, rather as a teeniafuge than as
a lumbricifuge that the merits of areca-nut powder stand out
most conspicuously. The powder may be given in half
drachm or one-drachm doses, followed by castor-oil and re-
peated twice or thrice in the day. In bad cases turpentine
may be cautiously resorted to, and, when given, should be
combined with twice as much either of castor or linseed oil.
The dose of turpentine should be rarely more than one drachm,
and in no case should it exceed two drachms in the very
largest dog. Three drachms of turpentine have been known
to occasion violent convulsions in the full-grown dog ; and in
the case of young puppies such a dose would probably prove
fatal. Calomel, in one to three grain doses, is a favorite
remedy with some; but, considering its varied action, it
should only be restored to when other remedies have failed.
The mechanical irritants, such as powdered tin and glass, or
even cowhage, should in all cases be eschewed, because they
are liable to cause much suffering without entailing any ade-
quate result.
It is also worthy. to remark that, after the expulsions of
INTERNAL PARASITES. (ENTOZOA.) 217
the worms, every thing tending to support the system should
be employed in view of restoring the animal to perfect health ;
and lastly, as a hygienic or prophylactic measure, I would
advise the frequent application either of carbolic acid solu-
tions, or of salt and water, to the flooring of kennels. Further-
more, I would strongly recommend the occasional throwing
«wn of bucketfuls of boiling hot water, since the performance
ct this very simple act could not fail to be productive of good
results in ways too numerous to be particularized.
The Cruel Threadworm (Filaria immitis) inhabits the
heart of thedog. Dr. Cobbold observes: “If a female Milaria
immitis be removed from the heart of a dog, and be examined
with a microscope, the oviducts will be found to swarm with
eggs and embryos, in all stages of development.” Dr. Jones
Lamprey, writing from China, July, 1865, says: “ The hearts
of native and foreign dogs at Shanghai are invariably found
to contain these entozoa,” and he suggests that the animals
may have obtained their parasites from ova of ascarides passed
by man. He also remarks that human excrements constitute
“the principal food of the native dog,” and he asserts that the
feces are “not disliked by the foreign dogs, however well fed.”
Dr. Cobbold continues: “ The symptoms of the disease
are extremely variable ; some of the dogs dying suddenly in
a fit, whilst others linger and betray evidences of excruciating
pain. As to treatment, it is obvious that nothing can be done
when the parasites have once got possession of so vital an
organ as the heart. Nevertheless, further researches may
enable us to suggest prophylactic measures, by which the
epizootic may be checked. There is one important point that
ought not to remain long unverified. We want to know for
certain whether the blood of these dogs contains free embry-
onic filaria, and whether such immature worms, if found, cor-
respond or not with the embryos found in the oviducts of the
full-grown worms. It is probable that they do, for Dr. Krabbe,
in his admirable résumé already referred to, states that the
218 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
worm reproduces viviparously, and that the young are carried
along in the circulation.*
“ Estrongylus gigas (Fig. 25), or giant strongle, infests the
kidneys of various animals ; but it is rarely met with in the
dog. The males seldom exceed ten inches in length, but the
females have been known to exceed a yard in measurement
from head to tail, whilst their thickness equals that of the
little finger. The accompanying figure of a female specimen,
from Blanchard, is reduced to one-third of the natural size.
Fig. 25.
Tue Giant STRONGLE. (BLANCHARD.;
The remaining round worms of the dog are Spiroptera
sanguinolenta—the blood-red species—which usually occupies
small tumors in the mucous lining of the stomach.
“The three-corner-headed strongle (Dochmius trigonoceph-
alus) infests the intestinal.canal. The wrinkled threadworm
(Zrichosoma plica) gains access to the bladder. The whip-
* In the “ Veterinary Journal” for February, 1878, extracted from the
“Customs Gazette,” there is an exhaustive and most interesting paper
“On Chinese Hzmatozoa,” by Patrick Manson, M. D.
: INTERNAL PARASITES. (ENTOZOA.) 219
worm of the dog (Zricocephalus depressiusculus) inhabits the
cecum. The spiral flesh-worm (TZrichina spiralis) has fre-
quently been reared both in the intestines and muscles by
experiment,
“The blood-infesting thread-worm of Grube and Delafond
(ilaria hematica) is probably a distinct species; and the
same may possibly be said of Gescheidt’s small nematode
(filaria trispinulosa), discovered in the eye. There are also
the small thread-worms (Filaria hepatica) found by Mr. T
Mather, V. S., in the liver-ducts and substance of the gland,
as well as in cysts within the walls of the intestines.
“Lastly, there is another canine hematozoon, the males,
females, and embryos of which, according to Professor Leise-
ring, occur in the venous blood of certain parts of the body
of the dog (ematozoon subulatum).”
Another, one of the most difficult to eradicate, and perhaps,
as Youatt observes, “the most injurious of the intestinal
worms,” is the zenia, or tapeworm. With regard to this
species, Dr. Cobbold remarks: “ Although the lumbricoid
worms of the dog constitute an important section of the ca- ~
nine parasites, the practical interest attaching to them is scarce-
ly so great as that which appertains to the tapeworms. If,
on the one hand, it be allowed that the canine cestodes are
not so numerous as the nematodes, it must, on the other hand,
be admitted that (as regards public health,* and the propagia-
* In the fifth report of the medical officer of the Privy Council, Mr.
Gamgee observes: “ There is no doubt that eggs of the tapeworm, devel-
oped from Cystzcercus tenuicollis in the intestines of the dog, will produce
the hydatid in the mesentery and liver of human beings, as it does, accord-
ing to the experiments of Luschka, Leuckart, and others, in the organs of
the.domestic quadrupeds.
“Tt is of the greatest importance that careful and extended inquiries
should be made as to the prevalence of these cysticerci in animals. It is
evident from the observations of Kiichenmeister and others that many in-
dividuals of these species, forming extensive cystic tumors, are to be found
in pigs, and not unfrequently there has been a confusion between cysticerci
and echinococchi. Thus, in Ireland, the endemic cystic Migr eae appears
to be due to both these hydatids.”
220 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
tion of parasitic diseases amongst animals) the part these
tapeworms are destined to play in the economy of life is not
merely remarkable, but altogether unique.” —
The first he notices is the cucumerine tapeworm (Tenia
cucumerina): “It is adelicate and almost transparent tape-
worm, measuring from ten to twenty inches in length.”
This parasite is very common in English dogs, and, ac-
cording to Krabbe, infests 48 per cent of the dogs in Den-
mark, and 57 per cent of the dogs in Iceland. The animals
infect themselves in a singular manner. The joints of the
worm, having escaped per anum, readily crawl, as semi-inde-
peatlent creatures, on the coat of the dog, chiefly on the back —
and side. The eggs thus distributed are readily. swallowed by
the louse of the dog (Zxéchodectes latus).
In the body of the louse the six-hooked embryo, hitherto
contained in the egg of the tapeworm, escapes the shell and
becomes transformed into a minute cysticercus or louse-measle.
When the dog is irritated by the lice, it attacks, bites, and
frequently swallows the offending external parasite. In this
way the louse-measle is transferred to the dog’s intestinal
canal, where, in course of time, it develops into the sexually
mature cucumerine tapeworm.
Thus the mange-mite, or scab insect (as it is rather incor-
rectly termed), serves as the intermediary bearer of larval
tapeworm, and forms an essential factor in the production of
this particular species of cestode parasite.
The Gid Tapeworm (Tenia cenurus). This parasite, Dr.
Cobbold observes, probably does not occur in more than 5 per
cent of our dogs. In the native dogs of Iceland, according
to Dr. Krabbe, it occurs in 18 per cent.
In order, says Dr. Cobbold, to understand how the dog ob-
tains this tapeworm, it must be observed that gid-hydatids, or
cenuri, each represent a sort of colony of larval parasites.
When, therefore, the dog eats a sheep’s brain containing a
single hydatid, he swallows a colony of larvae, each of the
latter being destined to become transformed into a tapeworm
INTERNAL PARASITES. (ENTOZOA.) 221
in the bowel. Thus Fig. 26 represents two hydatids, one
being viewed from without, and the other from within. At A
the young tapeworm heads are seen projecting from the ex-
terior surface of the hydatid ; whilst at B they are seen re-
tracted within the interior of the bladder-worm. There may
be from three to five hundred of these heads projecting from
the surface of a single gid-hydatid.
Fiz. 26.
Larv# or THE Gip Tapeworm. (Newman.)
If asmall fragment of the gid-hydatid with its charac-
teristic processes be magnified about eighty diameters, all the
more essential structures will be brought into view. As in
Fig. 27.
TAPEWORM-LIKE Heaps oF THE Gip-HypaTip. (Newman.)
222 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
the accompanying drawing (Fig. 27), such a demonstration
may display a bunch of young tapeworm heads, one or all of
them showing the crown of hooks (a), the four suckers (4), |
and a multitude of minute oval calcareous particles (c), which
the old naturalists formerly supposed to be eggs. The com-
mon bladder vesicle, from which the heads project, exhibits
cellular markings.
The above figures are copied from Newman’s treatise, and
I can testify to their’perfect accuracy of detail. In one re-
markable instance, recorded by Eichler, as many as 2000
heads were displayed by a single cenurus.
Dr. Cobbold proceeds to speak of the measures to be taken
in such cases, and advocates the destruction of the tapeworms
and their ova. He points out the necessity of the sheep-
owner and grazier seeing that no dog, either belonging to
himself or his neighbors, is permitted to go about the land
distributing the eggs of tapeworms with every act of defaca-
tion, as well as by dropping the ova off its. coat.* If a dog
harboring tapeworms be allowed to plunge into an ordinary
field pond to wash himself, such an act conveys numerous eggs
into the water.; and the next herbivorous animal that comes
to slake its thirst will be liable to drink in one or more of the
parasite’s eggs. If thus the hogget or a calf swallow the eggs
of a gid-tapeworm, “turnside ” will be the consequence ; but
if the herbivore swallows the eggs of the hydatid tapeworm,
properly so-called hydatids will be the result. And so on
with other creatures which happen to ingest the ova of differ-
ent and appropriate parasites,
To hares and rabbits the dog thus communicates another
bladder-worm disease ; and we ourselves are also liable to
become infested with hydatids from the same source.
Another parasite of this class is described as follows by
* Easier to advocate than adopt. To prevent dogs trespassing on some
portion of land would necessitate a staff of watchers far beyond the ordi-
nary number of farm servants.
INTERNAL PARASITES, (ENTOZOA.) 223
Dr. Cobbold :—“ The largest tapeworm liable to reside in the
dog is a parasite chiefly derived from the sheep ; that is to
say, the sheep acts as the principal intermediary bearer of
the larval cestode, which latter acquires tapeworm maturity
when it is taken into the stomach and intestines of the dog
along with flesh food. The entozoon in question is the mar-
gined tapeworm. This worm (Zenia Marginata) reaches a
length of from five to eight feet. It is an abundant species,
occurring, probably, in fully 25 per cent of English dogs that
are not less than one year old. In Denmark it occurs in 14
per cent ; and in Iceland, according to Krabbe, in no less
than 75 per cent of the native dogs. I have elsewhere char-
acterized the larva of this parasite as the slender-necked hy-
datid (Field, Feb. 22, 1873). The accompanying illustration,
from the learned Pastor Goeze’s work, shows the hydatid
(Cysticercus tenuicollis) of the natural size at A, Fig. 28 ; whilst
the letter B represents a magnified view of the head, display-
ing the suckers and double crown of hooks.”
Fig. 28.
Larva OF THE Marcinep Tapeworm. (GoEzE.)
“ The Hydatid Tapeworm.— Of all the entozoa infesting
mankind and animals, the little Zinta echinococcus is one of
the most remarkable. The larvae form the common hydatids
or bladder worms of veterinarians (Echinococcus veteri-
norum).
“ As in the dog the full-grown tapeworm only reaches the
third of an inch in length, it is difficult for the non-profes-
224 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
sional man to realize the fact that the same entozoon in its
larval or vesicular state attains a size many thousand times
exceeding that of the parasite in its adult condition. Harm-
less when full-grown it is fearfully destructive to life in the
juvenile stages of growth. To be sure, its bad effects are
chiefly witnessed in the human subject ; but cattle, sheep,
horses, and swine occasionally perish from the presence of
the larve within their vital organs.
“The herbivorous animals and ourselves get the echino-
coccus disease by swallowing the eggs of the hydatid tape-
worm.
“Fig. 29, A, is a representation of the parasite. It ex-
hibits the head-segment with its four suckers, and crown of
Fig. 29.
Hypatip Targworm AnD Ecurinococcus Hzap. (Coxzocp.)
hooks (a), and three ordinary segments (4, ¢, 2), the lower-
most of which is sexually mature, displaying numerous eggs
internally. Water-vessels traverse the entire length of the
worm.
“INTERNAL PARASITES. (ENTOZUA.) 225
“ One of the strangest points connected with this entozoon
is the extraordinary provision made for its propagation. In
ordinary cases one tapeworm only results from the growth
of the products of a single egg; but here we may have thou-
sands of tapeworms all resulting from a solitary germ.”
He thus explains it:
“Eggs escape from the dog fer anum. One swallowed
by any herbivorous animal, say a sheep, will (by a lengthened
process of development, the details of which I need not give)
eventuate in the formation of hydatids. These hydatids,
under favorable circumstances, will by internal budding
produce innumerable heads or scolices (Fig. 29, B), each of
which display the teenia-like crown of hooks (a), the suckers
(2), the calcareous particles (¢), and a vesicular body (d).
When, therefore, a dog is fed on the viscera of a sheep
containing perfect hydatids of this description, all the numer-
Fig. 30-
Group oF Ecuinococcus Heaps. (CosBo.p.
ous heads become developed into tapeworms in the animal’s
intestines. ‘This has been proved over and over again by
experiment.
“Most of the heads are developed in delicate sacs, termed
226 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
brood-capsules, one of which is here represented in the col-
lapsed or broken-up state (Fig. 30). It will be further seen
that the seven attached heads have their respective crowns
of hooks inverted and concealed within the vesicular body ;
and their appearance in this condition strikingly contrasts
with that displayed by the single echinococcus head figured
above. These illustrations are reduced copies from figures
given in my general treatise on entozoa.
“Tt is a fortunate circumstance that this destructive little
tapeworm is comparatively rare in England. It is the smallest
cestode infesting the dog, and the one most likely to be over-
looked.
“ Every year, notwithstanding its rarity, this little canine
entozoon, by means of its larve, claims the lives of scores,
Fig. 31.
Larvat Pentastomr. (KUCHENMEISTER.)
or it may be hundreds, of persons in this country ; but, with
all England’s wealth, I do not suppose a dozen people could
be found, who would be prepared to sacrifice a few pounds
each for the purpose of promoting an investigation, the results
INTERNAL PARASITES. (ENTOZOA.) 227
of which would be eminently conducive to public health, and
most certainly help to diminish our annual mortality. At the
same time sucha research would inevitably tend to lessen the
amount of, if it did not altogether put an end to, at least
one frequent form of parasitism affecting our domesticated
animals. :
“ Sportsmen who care for the welfare of their dogs, should
never allow these animals to devour the entrails of hares
captured in the field. In the county of Norfolk I have
myself witnessed this piec: of carelessness on the part of the
keepers, and have ventured to remonstrate accordingly.
“ Almost every hare (and the same may be said of full-
grown rabbits) harbors within its abdominal cavity a larval
parasite (Cysticercus pisiformis), which when swallowed by
the dog, becomes transformed into a tapeworm, varying from
two to three feet in length (Zenda serrata). In harriers and
greyhounds the serrated tapeworm is very abundant ; but
in other dogs it is comparatively rare.
“Of the remaining internal parasities infesting the dog, I
need only allude to several species and varieties of pit-headed
tapeworm (Bothriocephalus latus, B. cordatus, B. fuscus, B.
reticulatus, and B. dubius,) since, so far as I am aware, only
the first-named has been recognized as a canine entozoon in
England.
“T must not omit to mention the arachnidan parasite (Pen-
tastoma temoides), which, as already stated, is the adult rep-
resentative of the Fentastoma denticulatum, residing in the
vicera of the horse, as well as in the internal organs of
ruminants. (Fig. 31.) The illustration is from Kiichen-
meister.
“In the full-grown state this creature dwells is the nasal
and frontal sinuses, our dogs commonly obtaining the worn
by frequenting butchers’ stalls and slaughter-houses, where
portions of the fresh viscera are apt to be inconsiderately
flung to hungry animals.”
Professor Dick records a case of suspected poisoning in
228 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
the “ Veterinarian ” for 1840, in which he found death had
resulted from the presence of three of these pentastomes—
one in the larynx, one in the trachea, and a third in the left
bronchus. With regard to this case Dr. Cobbold observes:
“As these singular parasites appreciate warmth, I have no
doubt that the cold air of the winter’s morning (on which the
dog was taken out by the keeper) caused the downward mi-
gration of the pentastomes, thereby also producing the fatal
suffocation.”
Respecting what Dr. Cobbold terms the “ misnamed maw-
worms,” so frequently seen on the feces of dogs, “ they are,”
he remarks, “ merely the semi-independent segments, or pro-
glottides of two of the larger species of tapeworm which
infest the dog, namely, Zenza marginata and Tenia serrata.
“Tt follows, therefore, that the treatment for this common
kennel-worm is the same as that for the tapeworm, seeing that
it is only a cast-off portion of the self-same entozoon.
“ Areca-nut powder is the best remedy ; but male fern may
be sometimes substituted with advantage. _
““T may add, then when santonine is employed for any of
the round worms, it should always be combined with a pur-
gative, if it is to prove effective. For this purpose nothing is
ordinarily better than castor-oil; but twenty or thirty grains
of aloes may be employed instead of the oil in obstinate
cases. In the latter case, a few grains of ginger should
be added, to prevent griping.”
By those interested in canine matters, and especially para-.
sitism, I shall be excused for quoting at such length, and all
the more so as my quotations are taken from our most able
writer on the subject : a gentleman from whose works I have
learnt much myself, and to which with sincere pleasure I refer
my readers.
With regard to the treatment of. worms, various remedies
are advocated by different authors. I have already given the
treatment recommended by Dr. Cobbold
The usual anthelmintics in canine practice are :
INTERNAL PARASITES. (ENTOZOA.) 229
DUPPERE NG swee es age ed oes ses 20-60 minims.
DANLONING?. vous oy aerevede <4 4 1- 3 drachms:
Areca-nut.............002005 30-60 grains. ..
Pomegranate Bark.......... 1- 3 drachms.
Oil of Male Fern............. 10-20 minims,
Calomel-.......-.... ...000 I- 3 grains.
Stinking Hellebore.......... 5-10 grains.
Indian or Carolina Pink
Infuse Gas snexsee fe ia aaeeae 1- 2 tablespoonfuls.
Kousso (Abyssinian)....... 2— 4 -drachms.
Kamala (Indian)........... 2— 4 drachms.
Wormwood...............4. 10~30 grains,
Powdered Glass.......:....) half a thimbleful, mixed
Tin or Iron Filings......... with treacle or butter.
The three first named are the most effectual remedies in
canine practice. The two last, from the irritation produced
on the intestinal mucous membrane, should be at all times
condemned. All worm medicines require to be given fasting,
to produce a successful and speedy result.
Finlay Dun prescribes 20 drops of the oil of male shield
fern, 30 drops of oil of turpentine, and sixty of ether, beat up
with an egg, and given in soup or broth. The dog should be
kept on sound, good, cooked food, and have daily, for at least
a week, a pill containing 5 grains each of gentian, quassia,
and sulphate of iron, and made up with conserve of red roses
or treacle.
According to Pavesi, a combination of santonine and
sodium bicarbonate, with soluble albumen, forms a good
vermifuge (in human practice). The preparation is made by
heating together one part of santonine, four parts of sodium
bicarbonate, and two parts of dried soluble albumen, with
sufficient water at 60° or 70° C., until the whole is dissolved,
and the solution evaporated with a gentle heat to dryness.
The “ albuminate of santonine and soda ” forms white shining
scales, soluble in water. Mineral acids precipitate the san-
230 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
tonine and albumen, with disengagement of carbonic acid.
Pavesi states that the use of this preparation is not followed
by colored vision, as-is the case where santonine is used alone.
—“L’Union Pharmaceutique,” May.*
PARASITIC MEASLES.
The Cysticercus cellulosus, commonly known as “ Pig
measle,” or leprosy, has been observed in the dog.
The. veterinary professor Dupuy, according to Davaine,
found a large number on the surface of a dog’s brain. Gurlt
has also discovered a great many in the muscles of a dog.
The preparations containing these are shown at the Berlin
Veterinary School.— See “ Magazin f. d. Gesammete Thier-
heilkunde,” 28 Jahr., 34 Jahr.
.Roloff, veterinary professor in the University of Halle, in
1869, found the cysticerci in the lungs and liver (greatly
enlarged) of a dog, where they formed numerous vesicles the
size of a pea, and around them were tubercles varying in size
from a grain of millet to that of a hazlenut. Leblanc, a
Parisian veterinary surgeon, has described the symptoms pro-
duced by the parasite in the dog. In October, 1872, a
medium sized “ griffon,” aged fifteen months, was brought to
him in consequence of its sufferings from attacks of epilepsy.
Most frequently very quiet, and even dull, it was seized,
whenever it went out of doors, with convulsive movements,
and lay for some minutes before it got up again. It was
treated for cerebral congestion, with commencing ventricular
effusion, which is not uncommon in young dogs affected with
convulsions.
Notwithstanding the treatment the symptoms became
aggravated, and were as follows: Convulsions without any
assignable cause, grinding of the teeth and champing of the
* “ Veterinarian,” December, 1876.
INTERNAL PARASITES, (ENTOZOA.) 231
jaws, foaming at the mouth, and struggling when lying on the
ground. There wasa marked and increasing tendency to turn
to the left; the coma became more urgent, and the animal
appeared quite torpid, though its appetite was undiminished.
It was kept until December, when, its recovery appearing
hopeless, it was killed. A necroscopical examination showed
that all the abdominal organs were healthy, with the excep-
tion of the liver and pancreas, on the surface of which were
observed transparent vesicles similar to those of the pig-
measle. The liver had two of these on its. right lobe; they
were about the size of a large pea, lay beneath the peritoneum,
and had made a depression in the organ. Those on the pan-
creas were five in number; they were on its upper border,
but had not affected the structure of the gland. The thoracic
organs were healthy. On opening the cranium, the menin-
geal membranes were found to be very congested ; in the
upper and latter parts of the right lobe of the cerebrum were
four elevations, corresponding to four hydatid-kysts, covered
by the arachnoid, and lying in depressions in the cerebral
tissue ; in the left lobe only one was discovered. The hydatids
were carefully examined by M. Mégnin, a veterinary surgeon
who has made helminthology a special study, and they proved
to be identical with those of the pig-measle.
The dog had doubtless obtained the ova from eating hu-
man excrement, as this animal is sometimes apt to do.
Siedamgrotzky, of the Dresden Veterinary School, in the
report of that establishment for 1871, cites an analogous case,
“A large-sized dog, always apparently in good health, was
suddenly seized with cramp and convulsions, especially of the
jaws. In a short time it was unable to stand ; the pulse and
respiration were much quickened, the head hot, and the con-
junctivae injected ; considerable prostration was present. By
starts it would jump up spontaneously, run forward until it
met some obstacle, push hard against it, and bark for half an
hour at a time; then it would lie down, convulsively champ
with its mouth, from which saliva would flow, and remain in
232 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG. ~
a state of coma. It died on the evening of the day on which
it showed these symptoms. On examination the brain, and
more especially its envelopes, were found greatly congested.
In the superficial part of the two hemispheres of the cerebrum
were found twenty-three cysticerci, each about the size of a
pea; they were enveloped in a thin white kyst of connective
tissue, around which the proper texture of the brain appeared
redder than usual, and a little softened. Nothing abnormal
was observed in the other organs.” *
* Fleming’s “Veterinary Sanitary Science,” vol. ii. pp. 525, 52
CHAPTER XI.
. > DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
RABIES, CONCUSSION OF THE BRAIN,
EPILEPSY, COMPRESSION OF THE BRAIN,
APOPLEXY, HYDROCEPHALUS,
VERTIGO, TURNSIDE,
CHOREA, MENINGITIS,
PARALYSIS, . NEURALGIA.
RABIES.
Tuts disease may be truly designated the scourge of the
canine race; horrible in its nature, alike terribly fatal to man
and beast. As such it was recognized centuries ago, and the
alarm engendered appears to have been as great then as in
the present day. Among the ancient Greeks recipes both for °
the bite of a rabid dog, and the flesh of one affected with
rabies, were numerous and singular.
Much, but far from enough, has been written of late con-
cerning this disease ; much that is sensible and no small
proportion that is calculated to do harm. Rewards have
been offered for the discovery of a cure, but the probability
of their ever being claimed is extremely dubious.
Before going intothe nature and symptoms of the malady,
afew words regarding the terms applied to it are, I think,
necessary.
(233)
234 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
Hydrophobia, signifying fear of water, is in canine pathol-
ogy a misnomer, and probably has much to do with the er- —
roneous idea that this symptom is present in dogs. To this I
give, as I did some years ago in “ Land and Water,” a most
emphatic denial. Zhe rabid dog never in any stage of the dis-
ease exhibits a dread of water, neither will the sight or sound
of it produce spasms. On the contrary, ¢#zrs¢t is present
throughout. .
The inability to swallow fluids, when it does happen, is
dependent entirely on either the inflammatory condition of the
throat, or from paralysis of the muscles of the lower jaw and
deglutition.
Rabies, signifying madness, is afar more appropriate term,
but even this is not sufficiently distinctive as to the particular
class of madness it is intended to designate.
The true nature of rabies is still involved in mystery. We
know that a specific virus is the active agent in its production, ~
but in what this virus consists, or how it is developed, we
know not. That the saliva is the vehicle of the poison is
clear, the why or wherefore is equally mysterious. Post-mor-
tem and microscopic examinations afford little clue. The
nerve centres in which, from the character of the disease, we
should expect to find the greatest lesions, are in many instan-
ces but slightly affected, while the throat and digestive organs
often exhibit the greatest alterations.
Causes.—In almost every instance rabies is due to inocula-
tion ; the disease, however, may and is at times unquestion-
ably spontaneously generated, by what method I am not at
present prepared to say, but I am very much inclined to think
breeding in-and-in encourages its development.
The influence of climate, season, or sex, would appear to
have little bearing on the subject.* The so-called dog-days
* “ Professor Giuseppe Canettoli (‘ Lo Sperimentale,’ June, 1875) sum-
marizes his studies and researches in hydrophobia in the following prop-
ositions :” ;
“1, Hydrophobia is a disease of all climates and seasons.
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 235
no more act in the production of rabies than does cold. In
the hottest season of the hottest years, statistics show fewer
cases, while in tropical countries, Australia to wit, it has as
yet been unrecognized. Heat is more likely to generate brain
affections other than rabies.
With regard to sex, male and female are alike disposed to
it, aud various conditions of system in the latter, as cata-
menia, pregnancy, or sucking have no influence on the dis-
ease.
Anger and pain are alike uninfluential in the origin of
rabies.*
“2, Extreme climates yield the smallest contingent of cases, and are
therefore, it may be said, privileged.
“3, The disease is spontaneous, inthe dog, and communicable to other
animals and to mankind. :
“4. Nothing has been discovered of the nature of the malady by autop-
sies.
“5. The disease may be prevented by having recourse to timely cau-
terization—the best means being the galvano-caustic.
“6, Finally, to explain the duration of incubation, Canettoli supposes
that the saliva of the rabid dog is not in itself a poison, but that it be-
comes so through prolonged retention in the living tissues into which it
has been inoculated.”—“ Veterinary Journal,” Oct., 1876.
*In reply to this theory, advanced by Dr. Verity in the Manchester
Courier, 1876, and his assertion of possessing a cure for the malady, I
wrote the following:
“That the bite of a dog or cat is rendered poisonous from anger at the
time of its infliction, is as absurd as it is false.
“That radies is a specific disease usually produced by inoculation, but
that it may, as I stated in ‘ Land and Water,’ some four years since, and
unquestionably does, arise spontaneously. Certain peculiar changes in
the system, possibly due to atmospherical influence, or some cause not
fully understood, act in producing it. I have always had a strong opin-
ion that breeding in-and-in tends to do so.
“That if once the virus enters the system through inoculation, no
amount of treatment, however scientific, will in my opinion prevent the
awful result that must sooner or later take place.
“That when such result is established there are as yet no positive
means of preventing death.
“That the only means of preventing its introduction into the system
236 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
Pain may produce frenzy, but not rabies. A dog may be
driven frantic with torture or furious with rage, but his bite
is harmless so far as the production of rabies ‘is concerned.
Were it not so, what a fearful result must follow! Where we
have now one case of the disease, we should have hundreds !
Indeed they would be daily occurring, and no individual who
possessed a dog would be secure.
No one distinct breed is more liable to it than another.
Mongrels (particularly homeless ones) are perhaps more
frequently affected than other classes, and this is more likely
from the manner of their roving from place to place, coming
into contact with strange dogs, and usually those of their own
kind ; added to which, they are reared in filth and live by
scaventing.
How often, after an outbreak of rabie,, do we hear that a
strange dog has been seen in the neighborhood, belonging to
nobody knows who, and generally described as a mongrel ?
Dogs are especially inclined to fraternize, or, at all events,
to inspect one another ; and this, as with human paupers, is
are in immediate excision or suction, if possible, of the part, and the ap-
plication of nitric acid or lunar caustic.
“That many diseases have been mistaken by persons having a smat-
tering of the dog knowledge for hydrophobia (vadies canina), particularly
epilepsy. ;
“ That I have no doubt a person, whose nervous system is highly sen-
sitive, may, from the excitement consequent on the bite of a dog (especi-
ally a ferocious one), exhibit symptoms resembling hydrophobia, and that
it is probably from such cases as these that Dr. Verity has derived his imagi-
nation of a cure.
“That individuals ever have true hydrophobia from pure fright, I do
pot for a moment believe. _
“That in all supposed cases of hydrophobia, the public may rest as-
sured that either the inoculation was not hydrophobic, or that the saliva
was wiped off when the teeth passed through the garments.
“That in all instances ‘where the animal which has inflicted the wound
is suspected of rabies, he should be confined, and not slaughtered, until a
sufficiently long period has elapsed to prove the suspicion correct or other-
wise. This, if it were adopted, would soon test the truth of enumerated
cures and the value of marvellous specifics.”
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 237
particularly the case with mongrels and curs. A stranger is
immediately gathered round, sniffed over, followed some dis-
tance, and perhaps hustled ; the stranger resents it, or even
if not thus interfered with, snaps at the one obstructing him,
and passes on his way. The same thing happens over and
- over again in his course: and I need hardly say (presuming
him to be rabid) the horrible result is multiplied iain.
in a like manner, by his victims.
Incusation.—The incubative period of rabies is extremely
uncertain, My experience, with a few exceptions, has been
from two to five weeks.
“In the dog, Lafosse states that the shortest authenticated
period that occurred in his experience, was seven days, and
the longest one hundred and fifty-five days. R6ll gives, for
the same animal, from three to six, and rarely from seven to
ten weeks. Blaine asserts that the majority of cases occur
between the third and seventh week, though some are pro-
tracted to three, four, or even a greater number of months.
A week was the shortest period he had noted. Youatt has
known instances in which the first symptoms, have only be-
come manifest after from five to seven months, and he never -
knew of a case occurring before seventeen days intervening.
Other authorities have related cases in which the disease was
developed within from three to ten days after contamination.
Of nine cases which Peuch could rely upon, the symptoms
appeared after the bite, in each, at an interval of gs, 88, 35,
26, 24, 22, 18, 15, and 10 days, respectively.”
“Tn 1863, Renault reported that of 68 dogs inoculated ex-
perimentally or bitten, the malady was developed in :
1 from the 5th to the roth day. 7 greta the 45th - ie goth ta
4 “roth 1sth “ 2 soth s5th ¢
6 « Feth, goth # 2 ee ssth “ 60th “
5 “ goth “ 25th “ 4 “ 60th “ 65th “
9 “ esth “ 30th “ I a 6sth “ yoth “
10 “ 30th 4“ «35th “ 4 ve 7yoth “ 75th “
2 “ 35th “ goth “ 2 “80th “ goth “
8 “goth “ 45th “ | I “ rooth “ 118th “
238 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG,
“In Saint Cyr’s 87 cases of confirmed rabies in 186s, there
were only 26 the date of whose inoculation could be positively
ascertained. In these the latent period was:
CASES, DAYS. CASES DAYS.
I x @ 16 I ae ee 36
I 4 18 I 38
B's 21 I 41
2 24 2 50
I 30 2 60
I 31 I 62
2 32 I 86
I : . : 33 2 90 to 100
I ar 35 ay 105 to 115
“ Bouley has known instances in which the latent period
was twelve days and seven months, though they were rare ; it
was usually from six to twelve weeks.
“ According to Haubner, in 200 cases the appearance of the
disease within two months was 83 per cent; three months,
16 per cent ; four months, 1 per cent. He mentions an in-
stance in which the incubatory period was from seven to
eight months, and another in which it was fourteen months.
He gives an average of three months.” *
With such variations in the incubative period, it is little
to be wondered at that persons after being bitten, and under
what condition of the animal they know not, should be filled
with dread, and. exhibit, especially those of nervous tempera-
ment, great mental excitement.
“What takes place during this incubatory or latent period
we know not; but it may be confidently asserted that in no
other malady i is this interregnum more variable and uncertain ;
indeed, if we are to credit some reports, the duration of the
latent stage isindefinite. The capriciousness of the virus of
rabies in this respect is certainly very remarkable and unac-
countable. The wounds produced by rabid animals generally
heal up readily, and leave but slight traces, and to all appear-
ances those who have been injured appear to be as well as
* Fleming’s “ Rabies and Hydrophobia,” pp. 178-180.
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 239
usual. ‘True, in some rare instances in the human subject,
pain has been experienced in the region of the wound for a
considerable time after the receipt of the injury, and still more
rarely a quickened pulse and slight fever have been present
from this time until the disease became manifest. In other
exceptional cases silent changes seemed to be taking place in
the constitution, evidenced by general debility, a quick, weak,
and easily excited pulse, sallow looks, and sunken eyes. But,
as a rule, the health remains to all appearance the same as
before the inoculation ; and so subtle is the posion that, ac-
cording to Van Swieten, persons who afterwards die of hy-
drophobia may, in the .ncubatory stage, contract diseases, of
various kinds, even virulent diseases such as variola, without
the course of the rabies being thereby modified in the least,
or its evolution retarded.
“ What occult influence is at work, what changes may be
taking place previous to the manifestation of the first symp-
toms, is a matter of pure hypothesis. The venom of the
cobra, hydrocyanic acid, strychnine, and other poisons, pro-
duce effects more or less prompt and decided, according to
the amount introduced into the body of any animal, and we
can exactly prognosticate not only the result, but the time
about which it should occur. The virus of contagious dis-
eases, and more particularly hydrophobia, differs from these,
inasmuch as a minute quantity is as potent in inducing its
particular malady, in a certain time, as a large quantity ; and
in the special disease now under consideration it may lie in a
latent condition for a long period without affording the slight-
est indication of its presence.” *
Duration.—The duration of rabies is rarely long—from
one to ten days may be taken as the two extremes. A few
cases have been noted over the latter period; but they are
very exceptional instances, and attended with some degree
of doubt. Those in my own experience have been from four
io five-days ; most of them have died on the fifth.
* Fleming’s “Rabies and Hydrophobia,” pp. 165, 166.
240 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
Fleming observes: “ ‘The progress of rabies in the dog is
always very rapid, and the termination, it may well be said,
invariably fatal ”
Its duration in no case appears to have exceeded ten days ;
and in the majority of instances death takes place about the
fourth, fifth, or sixth day after the appearance of the first
morbid symptoms. Of course, it also occurs much earlier.
Out of several tables we will only refer to those of Professors
Saint-Cyr and Peuch, of the Lyons’ School, as they afford a
fair idea of the duration of the disease in a number of cases.
In 1864, fifty-four rabid dogs were reported. Death took
place at the following periods :
Two days . 3 . . 4 instances.
Three. . : é : . Ss
Four ‘ e ‘ a z Io “
Five i ‘ ‘ 7 * 8 is
Six . . 5 2 3 7 et
Seven. a é a ‘ 8 as
Eight 2 ss
Twelve . : ‘ ‘ : I instance
Thirteen 7 P F ‘ I ee
The last case recovered spontaneously. The duration of the
remaining eight cases could not be satisfactorily determined.
In the sixty-eight dogs that were rabid at the school in
1865, the duration of the disease was :
Two days ‘ : . 1 instance.
Three -. d8 : . . 6 instances.
Four. ‘ : 15 ee
Five. ; : . 3 20 &
Six . : 5 2 12
Seven . . 3 . ; 8 a
Eight . po OD a3 3 : 4 “
Nine. . 3 : , 2 se
In 1868, is seventeen cases at the same school, it was;
Two days : . ‘ . 2 instances
Four. . e é : 8 i
Five. ; ‘ ‘i . 4 s
Six j : ; ‘ 5 1 instance. —
Seven . ‘ % # 2 instances.
ISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 241
Symptoms.—Rabies assumes /wo forms: the furious and
the tranguil or dumb. :
I shall commence first with furious rabies.
The earliest symptoms usually observed are a change in
the dog’s natural manner and habits: he becomes all at once
sullen, or, as it were, melancholy ; retires into obscure corners
and dark places; when called, instead of obeying with his
usual alacrity, he languidly and apparently with unwillingness
approaches, and as suddenly slinks off again. Companionship
renders him uneasy; in fact, throughout there is an unmis-
takable desire for solitude.” If the eyes at this period are
closely.observed, a vacant expression will be seen in them ;
and immediately they met the gaze of the observer, they are
dropped in a weary, sleepy manner.
As the disease proceeds, other and more marked symptoms
become developed. A tendency to mischief is suddenly
manifested. Boots, slippers, hearth-rug, carpet, chair-legs,
and what not are worried. If the animal is in the kennel,
the’ straw is mangled and scattered about, the brick-work
scratched, flooring torn up, and the whole place, more or less,
shows signs of destruction.
The eyes assume a still more vacant expression ; the gaze
appears to be fixed on some distant object. Then a change
takes place : the animal proceeds to examine most minutely
every crevice and brick round his kennel ; this done, he re-
tires again into obscurity, and in a few minutes repeats the
operation. Or the eyes are directed with earnest attention to
some imaginary moving object, as a beetle or spider, which
they appear to be tracing in its course. Suddenly he jumps
forward with a snap at the supposed offender ; and then, as
if ashamed at the hallucination, he crouches down, crawls
away and hides himself.
A flow of tenacious saliva is now present. The animal
champs his teeth, and smacks his lips. As its tenacity
becomes greater and its secretion more rapid, he strives to
free his mouth of it with his paws, and this latter act has
16
242 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
sealed the fate of more than one individual by being ee
for a bone fixed in the teeth or throat.*
The voice at this time becomes ‘strangely altered. It is
hardly possible to describe it, though when once heard it can
never be forgotten. It is kind of blending between a bark
and a howl, having a croupy sound, and most frequently is
heard at night.
* Last year I was requested to visit a small toy terrier, belonging to
a lady of title. The messenger informed me the animal was supposed to
have a bone inits throat.” On my arrival, which was between nine and ten
p-m., I found the subject, which the keeper’s wife was nursing, with its mouth
slightly open. On removing my hand, after closing the jaws, the lower one
again dropped half an inch. External: manipulation about the throat
produced no indications of pain or irritability. I then—not suspecting
any thing serious or unusual from the information I had received, pro-
ceeded, with the aid of a candle-light, to examine the posterior part of the
mouth. This was discovered to be inflamed, but no bone could be detected.
I then passed my-.two fore-fingers down, with the same result. Thinking
it possible the bone had passed on, and probably left some laceration be-
hind, with paralysis from its long retention in a fixed position, I ordered
a hot linseed-meal or mustard-poultice to the throat, and a little warm beef-
tea or broth to be given, promising to call the following day. This I was
prevented from doing, and an assistant was sent instead. I, however,
omitted to tell him the nature: of the case, but he: came back with the idea,
probably from being also told the same tale, viz., that the dog had “ swal-
lowed a bone.” The following day I again visited the patient, when,
upon opening the door,of the room, the animal, without barking, made a
rush at me. Pulling the door to quickly, I waited a minute or so, and
then cautiously looked in. He was crouching in a corner with his eyes
half-closed, and his head nodding in a drowsy manner. He gave a start,
or, as it were, awoke suddenly, changed his position, and fell off again in
the same drowsy state; the lower jaw stid remained dropped. I imme-
diately became impressed with the belief that it was a case of dumb rabies,
but, to make the matter.more certain, I ordered the animal to be placed
in security, and carefully watched. Next morning, unmistakable symptoms,
of rabies manifested themselves, and the dog was shot. Another animal,
a companion, sickened in like manner, and was also destroyed. Fortu-
_ately, I had no abrasions on my hands, or I might have shared a similar
fate.
I mention this case as illustrative of the great care and suspicion with
which such cases and their aston should be received.
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 243
A thoroughly savage and morose disposition becomes at
this period firmly established. Any article presented will be
seized and ferociously mangled. The poor creature in its
paroxysms is regardless of pain; the lips are wounded, and
even the teeth broken, in its frantic efforts to avenge some
imagined injury or offence.*
During and immediately after the paroeysi, the breathing
is short and painful, and the animal looks-an exhausted ob-
ject, as if suffering from the effects of a hard-fought ean
ary battle.
As the malady proceeds towards its last stage, the head
. frequently becomes swollen, particularly about the eyes, which
assume a brilliant or iustrouis appearance, and the conjuncti-
val membrane is deeply injected. An anxious haggard coun-
tenance is present throughout.
The animal may gradually sink into a state.of stupor, or
die in a paroxysm of rage. Paralysis is sometimes associated
with the disease from its commencement, and is rarely absent
towards its termination. Euaeiatian: is sapid under all cir-
cumstances.
One marked symptom in fabtes, as opposed to all other
nervous affections, is the magical influence of voices the
animal is accustomed to. Even in moments of frenzy the
call of one the poor sufferer knows is instantly recognized,
and for a brief space of time produces an appearance of
sanity.
It has been stated by a professed authority, Grantley F.
Berkeley, that “ Dogs become utterly sane through es
_per, and are for the time mad to all ‘intents and Purposes
“Tf you prevent distemper in dogs ‘ by vaccination’ () well
performed, you decrease the madness in dogs, which in num-
berless cases arise from the effects of the “common distemper,’
* These fits of fury are not always attendant on rabies, if the animal
be left to itself; but nervous excitability aire to be predominant more
or less throughout the disease. _ 2 oe :
244 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
but which is often vulgarly termed ‘ hydrophobia.’ ”* (I pre-
sume rabies canina is meant.)
Any such marked insanity in distemper it has never yet
been the lot of the author to observe, nor, as far as he can
gather, has it been noted by any ether veterinarian. Rabies
and distemper are, in fact, as widely different in character
and pathology as it is possible for two canine maladies to be.
Those nervous symptoms which are frequently present in
the subacute stages of distemper, do not bear the slightest
analogy to “rabid insanity,” and only those inexperienced in
the latter disease could mistaké them.
An unusual affection has been described as another symp-
tom, and whether the unfortunate creature being aware of its
hopeless condition accounts for it, is only surmise. Certain
it is such a manifestation i is, especially in the earlier stages,
very frequent.
Another symptom worthy of note and exceedingly charac-
teristic, is the appetite. This invariably assumes a morbid
character. Portions of wood, stones, earth, hair, excrement,
and other filth are devoured, whilst the ordinary meal remains
untouched.t
The vomiting of blood in the early stage of the malady,
described by some authors,‘is not by any means an invariable
symptom of rabies. The sanguinary tinge of the vomit more
* From letter in the Morning Post, dated Sept 11th, 1877. The ital-
ics are mine.
t Devouring the excrement has wrongly been described as an infalli-
ble sign of rabies. I say wrongly, because dogs in robust health will oc-
casionally contract this disgusting habit, puppies in particular. Therefore
it is only to be taken cognizance of in connection with the other symp-
toms. Again, morbid appetites are often associated with some peculiar
condition of the sympathetic nervous system, independent of rabies.’ This
is especially to be observed in pregnancy. Strange and impossible grati-
fication of fancies and desires fill the human mind, and the same idiocrasy
exists in the lower animals. In-calf cows often devour leather, linen, and
other strange substances. Looking at it from another point of vicw, ra-
‘ bies coming under the class of nervous diseases, we should not be sur-
prised at similar morbid appetites being p-esent.
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 245
frequently proceeds from wounds of the tongue or mouth,
than from any morbid condition of the stomach.
Lastly, when a dog unconfined becomes rabid, there is
much that is characteristic in his mode of travelling. His
gait may be termed a rambling, or jog-trot. The head is car-
tied low, the tongue protrudes from the side of the mouth, or
hangs pendent in front, swollen and covered with dirt. It is
rare he turns from his path to attack any thing (unless. be
an animal of the same species, to which they invariably show
the greatest animosity), but woe betide any one who attempts
to stay his onward course. This pace is continued with little
intermission until exhaustion overtakes him, or it may be a
fit, when he creeps into an obscure place, and lies in a fatigued
or comatose state for hours.
Such then, as I have endeavored clearly to describe them,
are the leading symptoms of this horrible malady.
Tranquil or Dumb Madness.—The general symptoms in
this form of rabies are much the same asin the preceding,
with the exception of absence of voice, modification of ner-
vous excitability, and paralysis of the muscles of the lower
jaw. The latter is a curious and characteristic feature in this
type of the malady. AsI observed in “Land and Water”
with regard to the Albrighton hounds, “ No particular period
can be given at which this symptom is observed. One at
feeding time had refused its food, and in three hours after its
jaw had dropped ; another, apparently well at night, was found
similarly affected the following morning, and, in fact, in
many of them this paralysis was noticed before any other
symptom.”
" Frequently in packs of hounds the two forms of rabies
exhibit themselves simultaneously, and as inoculation from
glanders produces farcy, and vice versd, so ferocious madness
may give rise to the dumb or furious form.
Maternal affection is not interfered with.*
* “The maternal affection for its young remains as strong in the ra-
bid as it isin the healthy dog. M. Defays, a professor at the Brussels
246 THE MANAGEMENT .AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
Post-mortem. . Appearances. These differ considerably ;
two, in all particulars, scarcely ever being alike. Indeed the
pathological anatomy of rabies appears to be as varied as it
is obscure. The following may be taken as some of the chief
conditions usually seen, but rarely combined :
Congestion of ue brain, occasionally extending to the
spinal cord. .
Serous effusion within the membranes of both.
Hemorrhage into the substance of the brain.
Inflammation of the fauces, glottis, upper portion of the
trachea and glands of the throat, with enlargement of the
latter. These structures are more particularly implicated in
dumb madness.
Lungs frequently gorged with blood, especially if the ani-
mal has died from asphyxia.
Foreign matters ‘in the posterior part of the mouth, in the
stomach and intestines, as hair, straw, wood, earth, etc.
Or the absence of either, and the presence of blood, mucus,
or brown coffee-colored fluid in the stomach.
Patches of inflammation in the lining membrane of the
Stomach and bowels.
Enlargement and inflammation of the mesenteric glands.
Enlargement and engorgement of the spleen and liver.
‘The appearances in the brain, throat, and digestive organs
form the most confirmatory evidence of rabies.
From the excellent and valuable annual report of the cases
Veterinary School, gives an instance of a bitch that had three puppies,
and two-days afterwards suddenly exhibited all the symptoms of rabies,
Notwithstanding the severe attacks of the malady, the poor creature.
continued to suckle its young, and ran anxiously to them when they emit-
ted the slightest cry ; not being able to swallow any fluid, RNY the
secretion of milk was suspended, and the puppies died.
“*But this event did not-alter its desire to be near, and to fondle them,
and to cover them over with straw, as if to hide them;.it was only when
complete paralysis had supervened that the unfortunate animal ceased to
occupy itself with its dead offspring.”—“Annales de Méd. Vétérinaire,”
Brussels, October, 1871. (Fleming.)
DISEASES OF .THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. | . 247
brought for observation on treatment, to the Vienna Imperial
Veterinary Institute, and published in the “ CEsterreichische
Vierteljahresschrift fiir Wissenschaftliche Veterinarkunde,”
for 1875* we observe that in the session of 1873-4, there were
no fewer than 125 dogs admitted as rabid, or suspected of
being affected with rabies. ‘Though some of the pathological
alterations were so frequent that they could be accurately
grouped, yet others were so inconstant that there could not
be said to be any certain indication of the: presence of the
disease. In some were found alterations in. the brain ; in
others, changes in the blood, lymphatic glands, and kidneys ;
and in others, morbid manifestations in the ‘digestive organs
were met with. The malady prevailed as an epizooty, and an-
imals of both sexes, various ages and breeds, when or whether
bitten often unknown, were at different times brought to the
Institute. Frequently little could be learned with regard to
the animals. which were brought dead, and even their con-
dition previous to death could rarely be ascertained. With
regard to the value of some pathological alterations in forming
a judgment as to the presence of the disease, the following
epitome is given of the result of the necroscopical examina-
tions made of these animals: ;
a. Alterations in the brain. 1. Hamorrhage into the ~
subcutaneous tissue of the cranium of a suspected dog. 2.
Hemorrhage into the dura mater of two rabid and one sus-
pected animals. 3. Injection in the péa mater and plexus
choroides in 28 rabid and 2 suspected. 4. Hypersemia of the
brain in 2 rabid. 5. Softening of the brain in various degrees
—from mere shining softness (gtradind und wetersein) to com-
plete pulpy liquefaction —in 35 rabid and 2 suspected
animals (of these the’ whole brain was generally involved in
3 rabid cases; the cerebellum in 3 rabid, and 2 suspected ;
the upper surface and base of the brainin1 rabid animal. 6.
Distension of the lateral ventricles, through a collection of
* From the “ Veterinary Journal,” October, 1876. .
248 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
serum therein, in 10 rabid animals, 1 of which had the right
ventricle unusually dilated while the left was normal.
4. Alterations in the circulatory apparatus and the blood.
1. Pericarditis in 1 suspected dog. 2. Capillary haemorrhage
into the pericardium in 2 rabid cases. 3. Hemorrhage be-
neath the endocardium in1 rabid case. 4. Alterations in
the blood alone in 83 rabid, and 28 suspected animals. The
blood was of a light red-color in 13 rabid and 1 suspected ;
fluid in the heart in 2 rabid, slightly coagulated in 5 rabid,
and with a dense whitish fibrinous clot in 6 rabid and 1 sus-
pected dogs.. The blood was dark-red to black-red (schwarz- -
roth) in 7o rabid and 27 suspected. (a) In the heart it was
quite fluid in rz rabid and 4 suspected. (4) Slightly coagu-
lated in 21 rabid and 11 suspected. (c) With a soft fibrinous
clot in g rabid ; and (2) it had a dense grey clot in 29 rabid
and 7 suspected animals. Bacteria (S¢ddehen) in the blood
were in some cases numerous, in others few; in. none were
they very abundant. Angmia was present in 4 rabid ani-
mals.
¢, Alterations in the spleen and mesenteric glands were
noted in 68 rabid and 11 suspected animals. 1. Lymphatic
nodules in the spleen in 1 rabid creature. 2. Enlargement
of the spleen alone in 25 rabid and 3 suspected. 3. Tume-
faction of the mesenteric glands alone in 21 rabid and 6
~ suspected. 4. Enlargement of the spleen and mesenteric
glands in 21 rabid and 2 suspected dogs.
@. Alterations in the respiratory apparatus in 86 rabid and
16 suspected animals. 1. Marked pallor of the mucous mem-
brane of the larynx and trachea in 2 rabid and 1 suspected
animals. 2. Intense injection of the same in 51 rabid and 8
suspected creatures. 3. General dark discoloration of the
pharyngeal, laryngeal, and partially of the respiratory mucous
membrane in 2 rabid and 1 suspected animals. 4. Capillary
hzemorrhage at the entrance to the larynx ini rabid. 5. Ca-
pillary haemorrhage in the laryngeal mucous membrane in 1
rabid. 6. Capillary hemorrhage in the pleura pulmonalis in
~
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 249
r suspected, 7. Bronchial catarrh in 3 rabid. 8. Pulmonary
cedema in 11 rabid and 4 suspected. 9. Pneumonia at the
border of some lobules—seldom involving entire lobes ; and
10. Hemorrhage into the thoracic cavity from gunshot
wounds, in 2 suspected cases. .
e. Alterations in the digestive organs. 1. Injuries to the
tongue in one rabid dog. 2. Foreign bodies in the mouth and °
throat of 1 rabid and 1 suspected. 3. Stomach empty in 1g
rabid and r suspected. 4. Foreign matter in the stomach—
hair, wood, straw, grass, leaves, soil, cherry-stones (and in
one case a living horse-fly attached to the mucous membrane)
—in 56 rabid and 21 suspected. 5. Foreign matter besides
hair in intestines in 6 rabid and 3 suspected. 6. Blood in
the stomach in z rabid. 7. Injection of the serous membrane
of the stomach only in 43 rabid and 2 suspected. 8. Injec-
tion of the serous membrane of the stomach and intestines in
3 rabid and 3 suspected. 9. Pallor of the gastric mucous
membrane in r rabid. 10. General redness of the same in
6 rabid. x11. Patchy redness of the same in 2 rabid. 12.
Hemorrhagic erosions and ulcers in the same in qo rabid.
13. Marked yellowness of the intestinal mucous membrane
and contents of same, in 4 rabid. 14. General redness, with
tumefaction of the intestinal mucous membrane and tape-
worm, in 58 rabid and 17 suspected. 15. Patchy redness of
the mucous membrane of the small intestines, particularly,
involving Peyer’s patches, in 27 rabid and g suspected. 16.
Diverticular formations in 1 rabid animal.
/. Alterations in the urinary and generative organs.
1. Nephritis in 1 rabid and 1 suspected; 2. Cystitis and
nephritis in 1 rabid ; 3. Pregnancy, about three weeks, in a
rabid bitch.
g. Alterations in the locomotory apparatus probably due
to injury to the head, were discovered in 3 rabid and 13 sus-
pected dogs.
In the “ Bericht iiber d. Veterinarwesen in Sachsen,” for
1874, Professor Siedamgrotzky has a paper on the pathological
250 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
anatomy of rabies.* He remarks that the peculiar expres-
sion of the rabid dog’s physiognomy has long been recognized
as an essential part of the diagnosis, and that this charac-
teristic indication is largely due to the dull, heavy eyes,
which are so commonly partially covered by the membrana
nictitans in rabies. Besides the malady has a tendency to
be accompanied by catarrh of the conjunctive, indicated by a
collection of mucus in the inner canthus of the eye. Beyond
this, there sometimes suddenly appear circumscribed opacities
of the cornea, with breaking up of its texture in the centre of
these, and so leading to the formation of ulcers. This ulcera-
tion progresses so rapidly, that in some cases the substance of
the cornea is perforated within two days. These corneal
ulcerations are not, however, very common ; Siedamgrotzky
had only observed them in six cases, in which two or three
ulcers appeared in both eyes.. They are not an accompani-
ment of only one form of rabies, but appear in both—dumb
as well as furious. On a fost-mortem examination, it is
found that the ulcer has penetrated the cornea in a conical
manner, and that nothing but a thin layer of fibrin, or a
blood coagulum in the anterior chamber, has prevented the
escape of the entire contents of the organ. Examined micro-
scopically, the corneal ulcer offers no essential difference from
that witnessed in distemper: moderate cell-heaping in the
vicinity of the ulcer, fatty degeneration of the corneal
elements, and opening out of the interstitial substance ; but
nothing otherwise characteristic.
Siedamgrotzky at first believed that the alteration was. pro-
duced by mechanital causes, but from close observation he is
satisfied that it may appear in the quietest animals whose
eyes have not been exposed to external injury. It is there-
fore not unlikely that an interruption in the nutrition is the
cause ; though not a general alteration in the nutritive func-
tion, nul perhaps rather due originally to an alteration i in the
trophic nerves of the eye.
* From the “ Veterinary Journal,” October, 1876.
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 251
This explanation, of course, cannot be experimentally
proved ; but that it has some foundation in fact may be
deduced by reference to the extensive derangement in the
other nerve regions, particularly in the. branch of. the fifth
pair supplying the lower jaw.
Alterations in the ophthalmic branch are likewise few when
those of the maxillary are so—proving, apparently, that the
lesion is central. ;
According to Professor-Benedikt (‘“ Wiener Med. Presse,”
No. 74)* the disease is a special acute exudative inflammation
of the brain, resulting in various forms of hyaloid degenera-
tion, which is particularly observed in the neighborhood of
the. lenticular nucleus of the anterior lobe—often in this
alone. Siedamgrotzky states that he has, in his examina-
tions, been particularly careful to inquire into the correctness
of this ; and in some cases. of “dumb madness” there was
certainly a marked inflammatory condition of a portion of
the brain about the fissure of Sylvius.
In the “Giornale di Anatomia,” etc., edited by the
veterinary professors at the University of Pisa, Rivolta gives
the description of a careful examination he made of the
brains of seven dogs which had perished from furious rabies
transmitted to them by inoculation. The result goes to show
that the pathological alterations in that organ consist mainly
in more or less marked hyperemia of the pia mater in the
cerebral fissures, but especially at the base of the brain, and
this hyperemia is never absent from the cerebral plexus
choroides ; that softening of the cerebral substance is not
frequent, though, on the contrary, the grey substance is con-
stantly higher colored ; and that perivascular infiltration of
a fatty nature cannot be recognized as characteristic of this
disease, as Rivolta has noticed it in other maladies.t
In the “ Centralblatt fiir die Medicin Wissenschaften,” t
Kolesemkoff reports the results of the examination of ten mad
* From the “ Veterinary Journal,” October, 1876.
. + Ibid. } Ibid,
252 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
dogs made in Rudneff’s pathological laboratory at St. Peters-
burg. The parts examined were the cerebral hemispheres, the
corpora striata, thalami optici, cornua ammonis, cerebellum,
medulla oblongata, medulla spinalis, and the sympathetic
and spinal ganglia. The changes were always most marked
in the ganglia, and were as follows: 1. The vessels were
much distended and filled with red corpuscles. Here and
there along their course were seen groups of red corpuscles,
and round indifferent elements (probably emigrated white
‘corpuscles) scattered in the perivascular spaces. The walls
of the vessels were spotted with hyaloid masses of various
forms, sometimes extending into and obstructing the lumen
of the vessel-like thrombi. Not far from these were collec-
tions of white and red corpuscles. 2. There was found to be
a collection of round, indifferent elements in general around
the nerve-cells, sometimes penetrating into the protoplasm of
the cells to the number of five or eight ; sometimes in such
number as quite to displace the cell-protoplasm. The number
of migrated cells produced various changes in the form of the
nerve-elements. The nuclei of the cells were sometimes
pushed forwards towards the periphery by the intrusive ele-
ments. In other cases the nerve-cells seemed entirely re-
placed by masses of round indifferent corpuscles. These
changes were seen even in isolated nerve-cells. The author
points out the analogy of these changes to those described by
Popoff in enteric fever and injuries.
With regard to the innocuousness of the milk derived from
rabid animals, there is a conflict of opinion. Cases, however,
are on record both of human beings and the offspring of
animals becoming affected through partaking of milk secreted
by hydrophobic and rabid subjects ; but many of these cases,
it must be confessed, are involved in doubt.
Mr. Fleming, in his work on “ Rabies and Hydrophobia,”
observes : ‘the influence of the mz/R obtained from animals
supposed to be infected with rabies has received much atten-
tion, and, as in the case of the flesh, the facts relating to its
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 253
virulence are negative and positive, Among the negative
facts, however, those must be distinguished which have refer-
ence to the milk derived from animals only bitten by mad
dogs, and those really affected with the disease.”
“ Andray reports that peasants have used, for more than a
month, the milk of a cow which was wounded by a mad dog,
without experiencing any inconvenience.*
“ An infant fed on the milk of a goat until the day the
animal became mad, remained in perfect health. And, what
is more striking, another child drank the warm milk drawn
from a rabid cow, and no ill effects followed. The veteri-
narian, Gellé, has stated that he was commissioned by the
Préfet of the Haute-Garonne to inquire into an occurrence
reported from the commune of Gagnac, near Toulouse, in
which several persons had drunk the milk of a rabid cow
every day from the commencement until the fatal termination
of the disease. Though some of them were plunged into the
greatest terror, none were affected with the disease.
“The experiments made by Baumgarten and Valentin
concord with the observations made by Gellé ; they are also
confirmed by the researches instituted by Baudot, who, a great
number of times, noted that neither the milk nor butter ob-
tained from rabid cows produced unpleasant effects on whole
families who had consumed these articles of food.t
“ At the Alfort Veterinary School a ewe which had been
wounded by a rabid dog was soon after delivered of twin
lambs, which of course it suckled. Twenty-one days after
the infliction of the bite the ewe became rabid, and died, but
the lambs did not manifest any signs of the disease.
“The only positive statements I can meet with as to the
milk of a mad dog producing rabies, are the following : Sora-
nus of Ephesus, the most distinguished disciple of the Meth-
odic School of Medicine, averred that infants at the breast
* “ Recherches sur la Rage,” Paris, 1871.
+ “ Memoires de la Soc. Royale de Médicine,” vol. ii. p. 911
254 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
are sometimes attacked with hydrophobia.* Balthazar
Timeus speaks of a peasant, with his wife and children, as
well as several other persons, becoming rabid through drink-
ing the milk of an affected cow. Eleven of these died; but
the peasant and his eldest child were restored by medical
treatment—a circumstance which might tend to throw some
doubt on the occurrence. Faber mentions instances in which
the milk has proved injurious. “An observation made by M.
Dussourt, and quoted by Roucher, offers a very probable in-
_stance of transmission by the milk of a hydrophobic patient,
This was the case of a negress in Algeria, whose child died
presenting symptoms similar to those of the mother before she
perished. In the same country, however, M. Hugo relates
the case of a rabid bitch, whose puppies were suckled by her,
and remained in good health. But, again, an instance is
given in ‘Cassell’s Magazine’ for July, 1871, in which the
puppies suckled by a mad bitch also became rabid.” TF
Treatment-—After what I have already said, it is almost
cedless to add that I believe treatment, acentdine to past,
amid so far as present experiments have gone, to be of no
earthly use ; and no man having any regard for his life, how-
ever valuable that of his dogs may be, would, I imagine, risk
- * Cel. Aurelianus, Op. cit., lib. iii. cap. 2.
+ “A friend of mine once owned a favorite terrier, which had recently
littered five puppies, and as she was kept constantly in his garden, she
could not possibly have been bitten for some considerable time. But she
suddenly displayed unmistakable symptoms of madness, and ran up and
down the garden, with the saliva flying from her jaws, and her head twitch
ing from side to side, as the heads of all maddogsdo. . . . But, even’
in her frenzy, her maternal instinct was too strong, and she ran back to her
kennel, and began suckling her puppies. . . . Here is the strangest
part of the story, and to me it seems very pathetic: all her little puppies
were raving mad too, and the foam hung in flakes about their mouths, and
their poor little heads twitched, just as the mother’s had done. They had
sucked in madness with the milk, for she had not bitten any of them.
This was, in my experience at least, a new feature in the history of hydro
phobia.”
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 255
* * it in administering all the talked-of remedies that have from
time to time cropped up.
Prevention is at all times better than cure, and when abies
makes its appearance in a kennel, isolation of the apparently
healthy or unbitten ones I strongly recommend, until a suffi-
cient period has-elapsed to prove they have escaped inocula-
tion.. With regard to ourselves, all dog-bites, as a precautionary
measure, should be treated as if they were inflicted bya rabid
animal—ze., by immediate suction, followed by the applica-
tion of- the actual cautery or nitric acid. When rabies is
suspected, the suction should be directly followed by com-
- plete excision of the wound, performed as quickly as possible ;
after which, without loss of time, the cautery or acid should
-be freely used. Compression above the wound, especially in
the first instance, is also valuable.
The same measures, excepting the suction, which to some
degree might be done with a cupping-glass, will apply to a
dog bitten under suspicious circumstances.
Many unfortunate animals arc condemned as rabid, through
the ignorance of inexperienced persons (see “ Epilepsy.”)
The cry of “ Mad Dog,” nowadays, is quite sufficient to cause
an excited mob to hunt down a poor harmless creature who
has perchance lost his master, and in fear and excitement
frantically seeks for him up one thoruughfare and down an-
other. Panting and distressed, he at last falls exhausted, or
is compelled to rest: truncheons, bludgeons, brooms, etc., or
a revolver, are brought to bear on the luckless animal, and
often brutal is the torture inflicted before the supposed mad
dog is put out of danger.
In occupying so much space with this subject (Rabies), as
compared with the majority of diseases contained in this
work, I can but plead as my excuse the immense and vital
importance of acquiring a thorough and unprejudiced knowl-
edge of this fearful canine scourge, and more especially as at
the present time we are being continually reminded of its
presence. Publicly and professionally, hydrophobia and
256 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
rabies is one of the leading topics of the day, and though .
strong doubts exist in my own mind as to the reality of many
of the cases reported, yet no doubt there is much cause to
fear that unless more active measures are adopted, this most
to be dreaded of all maladies will continue to increase.
Dr. Acland observes: “We have enough, through the
splendid tables of mortality, monuments alike of English civ-
ilization and of official zeal, prepared by Major Graham and
Dr. Farr, of Somerset House, to show that the present panic
in this country depends on the horrors of the complaint, not
on its frequency, and upon the just conviction that it is high
time to prevent its increase.” *
Let us yet hope, dubious as I have already said the reali-
zation may be, that the time is not far distant when curative
measures for hydrophobia and rabies shall be discovered.
That man will deserve well of his fellows who has the honor
of such a discovery. :
“The literature of this malady is indeed advancing at a
wonderful rate, and it is almost daily receiving additions.
Perhaps the most valuable and complete is to be found in a
series of articles which are now appearing in the ‘Medical
Press and Circular,’ and which we can highly recommend to
those who are studying the subject, either in man sr
animals,”
The above opinion I can thoroughly endorse, having
perused the articles mentioned ; but I would also refer my
readers to that splendid treatise on “Rabies and Hydro-
phobia,” by G. Fleming ;—an ornament to our literature, and
a work which, apart from its high scientific merits, contains
so much information of considerable value to all persons
interested in the canine race and their worst malady.
The Contemporary Review,” Jan., 1878. (Dog-Poison in Man.)
a ‘Wetezne sy I ournal,” Leading Article, February, 1878.
. e .
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 257
EPILEPSY.
Dogs of all breeds are very liable to fits, and the epileptic
is the form most frequently met with. To say that epilepsy
has been confounded over and over again with rabies, would
be stating what is correct. A mistake, unfortunately, for the
poor dog ; but which, I am happy to say, is usually made, not
by veterinarians, but by misguided policemen, with the usual
mob to back them up. I remember reading, some few years
since, in a leading paper, of madness in dogs, in which
article the writer, if he had been: a professional man, could
not have more faithfully described the leading symptoms of
epilepsy. Sudden reeling, falling over, foaming at the mouth,
and convulsions are not diagnostic of rabies. Hence, it is
from the mistake these symptoms engender, from not being
understood, that a panic is, from time to time, created in
otherwise peaceful districts by such newspaper headings as
“ A mad dog at large,” “ Outbreak of rabies, exciting scene,”
and such like.
Not long ago, I was walking t6 town with a young mastiff-
dog. Soon after starting he vomited a quantity of worms ;
half a mile farther on an epileptic fit seized him, and being
ona main road innumerable suggestions of rabies were of-
fered, with kind offers of destruction. However, the animal
was secured by his chain to a post, a cold water douche given ;
and shortly afterwards a gig conveyed him safely home.
Epilepsy may take place at any age; but youth and old
age are the two most susceptible periods.
Predisposing Causes.—Hereditary disposition, nervous
irritability, general debility, suckling large families.
Exciting Causes.—Worms, dentition, suppression of natu-
ral secretions and evacuations, sudden fear or excitement,
over exertion after feeding, rapid exertion in obese condition,
and too much flesh meat—especially in young dogs.
Symptoms.—Epilepsy, as a rule, is not ushered in by any
premonitory warning. The animal, apparently in perfect
17
258 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
health, is in a moment seized with a fit, and this generally
occurs, during locomotion. He suddenly reels, as though
intoxicated ; falls on his side ; and violent convulsive spasms
attack the voluntary muscles, especially of the limbs, which
keep up a continuous kicking motion. Frequently a sharp
cry escapes the animal when he falls, and these are at times
succeeded by others of a whimpering nature. During the attack
the urine and faeces are often voided. The tongue is some-
times severely bitten, the gums are of a leaden or livid hue,’
the mouth filled with frothy saliva, and the eyes unnaturally
prominent.
Epilepsy passes through its course with marvellous rapidity ;
five minutes from the seizure the animal may regain its legs,
and appear in its usual health. There are, however, cases in.
which, after the foregoing symptoms have passed away, the
creature lies motionless and utterly unconscious, as if it were
sound asleep ; and this state may continue for half an hour
or more.
The dog recovering from epilepsy usually has a peculiar,
bewildered look. Immediately he regains his feet, he either
makes off with himself as fast as his legs can carry him, or
viciously rushes at those about him. This latter is one of the
most unpleasant symptoms of the disease, for the animal is
indisposed alike to friends and strangers ; and this is an-
other of the inducements for a verdict of madness.
One fit is often the forerunner of others, which continue in
rapid succession for a considerable time. In such instances
the prognosis is unfavorable. —
Epilepsy frequently ushers in distemper, and also more
frequently terminates it.
Treatment.—Immediately a dog at large is seized with
epilepsy, care should be taken to secure him, for the double
purpose of preventing him biting, and also running away.
The collar should not be tighter than is absolutely necessary,
or dangerous results will follow from pressure on the. vessels
of the neck.
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 259
- Cold water is certainly the best ready-at-hand application ;
this may be dashed freely in the face, or what is better, if
within reach, a tap turned on the animal’s head.
Bleeding as a rule is unnecessary, and injudicious.
Epilepsy generally arises from debility and nervous irrita-
tion ; therefore in the after treatment it is our duty to seek
for and remove the causes giving rise to this condition. If it
be worms, the speedier they are removed the better. If den-
tition, a proper attention to that process, and the regularity
‘of natural functions is to be observed. If from the suppres-
sion of natural secretions and evacuations, a restoration of
suspended function must be induced. If from sudden excite-
ment, as music, steam-engine whistles, and the like, such
noises should be avoided, or we should by degrees get the
animal accustomed to them. If from suckling, withdrawal
of whelps, and a more liberal diet, with tonics. If from over=
exertion after feeding, the cause must not be repeated. If
from rapid exertion in obese condition, reduce the latter and
regulate the former. If from flesh meat, an alteration in the
. quantity should be made, or suspended for a time altogether:
’ When coma succeeds the attack, ammonia should be ap-
plied to the nostrils, and the gums rubbed with brandy. The
back of the head may also, in protracted cases, be stimulated
with mustard or turpentine embrocation.
APOPLEXY.
Apoplexy, or congestion of the vessels of the brain, is
generally met with in aged gross dogs, irregularly exercised.
Predisposing Causes.—Plethora, obesity, especially in pugs
and bull-dogs.
Exciting Causes.—Violent exercise, intense heat, pressure
on the vessels of the neck from tight collars or dragging at
the chain, derangement of the digestive organs, violent strain-
‘ing, especially in parturition narcotics.
260 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
Symptoms. Partial or entire insensibility ; heavy sterto-
rous breathing ; fixed blood-shot eyes ; slow pulse.
Treatment.—Blood should be abstracted from the jugular,
if possible, or the hair shaved off the back of the head, and
leeches applied. Ammonia should be placed to the nostrils,
brandy rubbed on the gums, and counter-irritation along the
spine.
VERTIGO.
Dogs are occasionally seized with a kind of dizziness or
vertigo. They suddenly fall, remain unconscious for a minute
or two, and motionless ; and then almost as suddenly regain
their legs, and with the exception of appearing a little be-
wildered, seemed as though nothing unusual had happened.
Such seizures are generally due to biain pressure, most
frequently from some retarding influence in the return of
blood from the head, as a tight collar, glandular enlargements,
bronchocele, etc. A disordered condition of stomach is like-
wise a predisposing cause, and the susceptibility to an attack
of vertigo is greater after a full meal, and particularly if any
of the above-named obstructions to the circulation also
exist. :
Treatment, This consists in removal of. the cause ; neck
pressure as far as possible should be avoided ; a healthy
state of the digestive organs maintained ; with proper obser-
vance of hygienics.
CHOREA.
Chorea, or St. Vitus’s dance, is a purely nervous affection,
and is the result generally of an irritable and impaired con-
dition of the nervous. system. It may be general or local.
The limbs are frequently first observed affected, ultimately
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 261
the body, face, and jaws may be involved, the latter exhibiting
tetanic symptoms.*
Symptoms.—Chorea is denoted bya peculiar snatching or
twitching of the part affected. If the brain is involved, the
head is in continual spasmodic tremulous motion, and may
best be described as a fac-simile of an aged palsied person.
It has been known in human practice to arise from sympathy
and imitation. I am not aware of any instance in which a
dog has so contracted it.
Treatment.—With regard to medicinal agents, the one
most applicable to this affection is undoubtedly strychnia or
nux vomica. I do not recollect a single case of chorea, taken
in its early stages, in which I have failed to.effect a cure with
this drug. Great caution is, however, required in its adminis-
tration. It should always be given at a stated time, and after
a meal ; this is especially necessary where the doses have
been gradually increased, otherwise a fatal result is likely to
ensue.
I could mention more than one instance in which death
has occurred from neglecting this caution. In each the patient
has been under a long course of strychnia, and the dose had
been increased to more than treble the original quantity ;
by some mischance the drug was omitted for a day, and when
next given it produced convulsions and death.
The dose of strychnia is 7 to py of a grain ; the nux vomica
from 1 to 2 grains. It is best, however, to commence below
either of the minimums mentioned, and after the first three
days gradually increase it. It should be given twice daily in
the form of a pill. If there is any difficulty in administering
it, the liquor strychnia may be substituted, which contains
half a grain to the drachm, and may be proportionately
divided.
Local remedies in chorea are sometimes beneficial. Ihave
* [ have at the time of writing this, under treatment, a pug dog exten-
sively afflicted with chorea; the jaw can only be opened half an inch, and
goes to again with a sharp snap. The lips are convulsed.
262 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG,
found setons exceedingly valuable. If the convulsive move-
ments are confined to the hind parts, the seton should be in-
serted across the loins; if general, at the back of the head
and loins. Counter-irritation along the spine is also service-
able.
Though in prnefple the hot-bath, from its relaxing ten-
dency, may appear wrong, it is nevertheless in chorea occasion-
ally attended with considerable benefit. It certainly affords
' relief in those cases where the convulsive movements are
excessive, and so far I have found no after evil from its use.
The less the patient is disturbed the better ; particular
attention should be paid to the bed being dry and the bowels
regular—two great essentials in paralytic affections. When
abatement of the twitchings with returning strength is ob-
served, a favorable issue may be expected ; but the medicine
should not be discontinued so long as any nervous affection
remains, and it should be gradually, not suddenly suspended.
When the patient is able to walk, a short exercise each day
may be given with benefit. The fresh air acts as a tonic, new
scenery diverts the mind, and exercise encourages the natural
habits and functions of the animal.
Tinct. ferri and cod-liver oil is advisable after discontinu-
ing the strychnia, until recovery is complete.
The diet throughout must be nourishing and digestible and
forcibly administered if the patient refuses to take it.
Constipation is generally present in chorea, and is best
relieved with enemas.
Occasionally rheumatism becomes associated with ‘chorea
and then the heart is frequently complicated (see “ Heart
Diseases”). In such cases a cure is hopeless, but under
judicious treatment and careful nursing the rheumatic and
chorea symptoms may be considerably modified, and the
animal’s life thereby prolonged.
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 263
PARALYSIS.
Paralysis may be general or partial ; Ze, the whole mus-
cular system may be involved, or certain branches of it.
Paralysis generally is due to pressure on the brain or spinal
cord, or it may arise from injury, disease, or pressure of the
nerve itself. -
When it arises from the brain the whole of the body is —
usually affected. If only one side of the brain is injured,
then the reverse side of the body is most frequently paralyzed.
When the spinal cord is injured the paralysis is confined
to those parts behind the seat of injury:
Paralysis also follows certain conditions of the body, inde-
pendent of.actual disease of the brain or other nerve centres,
as in protracted constipation, distended bladder, chorea, dis-
temper, old age, and general debility.
Paralysis of the hind-quarters is the form commonly seen
in canine practice, and this is frequently associated with dis-
temper or chorea.
Paralysis of the lower jaw, unless it arises from direct in-
jury to the nerves in that part, is a marked symptom of dumb
madness.
- Symptoms.—Loss of power, weakness, and muscular twitch-
ings, are the early symptoms of paralysis. The affection may
come on gradually or suddenly ; if of long duration atrophy
of the muscles and emaciation take place, the effect of inac-
tion through lack of nerve stimulation.
Treatment.—In the treatment of paralysis, it is necessary
that we should first ascertain the cause. If, for instance,
it arises from injury to the brain from a depressed portion of
the skull, an operation is at once indicated for the removal
of that pressure. If from constipation or distended bladder,
means used for the relief of both are are to be afforded ; if
from debility, a restoration to vigor by liberal diet, exercise
and tonics is necessary. The same will apply in chorea and
264 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
distemper. In old age, when the nerve force is as a natural
result weak, no treatment beyond attention to the secretory
and excretory functions is of service.
The medicinal agent most effectual in paralysis is undoubt-
edly strychnia or nux vomica, and this, in chronic cases,
may be advantageously combined with iron, quinine, or both.
Nux vomica, which is perhaps the most convenient form of
administering strychnia, is prescribed in from 1 to 2 grains
twice daily, and may be gradually increased after the third or
fourth day, in proportion to the requirements of the case.*
The dose of iron (sulphate) is 5 to 10 grains, quinine 1 to 2
grains.
Local measures are often serviceable in paralytic affections
as counter-irritation, setons, and galvanism.
When walking, if only imperfectly performed, is within the
power of the animal, it should be daily but not tiringly in-
sisted on.
The diet should be nourishing, easy of digestion, and
slightly relaxing.
In all cases of paralysis particular attention to the material
of which the bed is composed, and its dryness, is most essen-
tial. Straw, dried fern, or heather, form the most suitable
materials. Whichever is used should be on perforated
boarded floor, and as far removed from the ground as may be
necessary to health. (See “Kennel Arrangements.’”’)
When the affection is established in such a manner as to
render the animal helpless, the patient should not be allowed
to lie too long in one position, otherwise troublesome sores
* It may be well, perhaps, to observe that in the administration of this
drug extreme care is required, particularly in the increase of the dose and
the times at which it is given. When any alteration is made in the quan-
tity, it should be very gradual. The best time for the patient to have it is
shortly after feeding, and the hour should always be the same. Neglect
in these matters has caused many fatal issues in what might otherwise have
been satisfactory cases. It is advisable, also, in leaving the medicine
off, to gradually and not suddenly suspend it. .
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 265
are apt to arise. In cases where they do, fuller’s earth, alum
and flour—one part of the former to three of.the latter, or the
oxide of zinc ointment or lotion, are the most suitable appli-
cations.
In confirmed and chronic paralysis, complete recovery is
rarely witnesed ; some lingering effect, as twitching or
tremor of a part, being observable throughout life. In such
instances, undue exposure, to cold and damp should be
avoided.
CONCUSSION OF THE BRAIN.
The brain of the dog, though strongly protected in com-
parison with that of the human being and some of the lowér
animals, is nevertheless at times subjected to severe shocks
from external violence, as falls, blows, etc.
Symptoms.—The patient lies insensible or (in common
parlance) stunned, and motionless. The respiration is slow
and feeble, the pulse quick and small, the pupils are gener-
ally contracted and insensible to light.
As the senses gradually return, vomiting usually takes
place ; when in locomotion, the hou is carried low, the eyes
have a vacant dreamy expression, and the gait is reeling and
unsteady, the animal blunders forward and butts against
various objects in its way. ,
Treatment,—The attention of the surgeon should first be
directed to the head, which should be carefully examined to
ascertain if there be any injury or fracture of the skull. If
the latter exists, and there is depression of the broken parts,
their elevation is at once indicated. If there is an external
wound, it should be carefully attended to, and hemorrhage,
if any, arrested.
With regard to further treatment, ammonia may be applied
to the nostrils, and the gums and lips rubbed with brandy ;
266 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
-and, so soon as the patient is able to swallow, a little of the
latter may be poured down the throat.
.. When inflammatory symptoms succeed the coma, local
bleeding by means of leeches to the temples and back of the
head, followed by counter-irritation, is advisable. The bowels
at the same time should be kept freely opened. Strict
quietude should be observed throughout. The food should
be plain and not excessive in quantity.
The effects of concussion are often apparent for some con-
siderable time afterwards; being usually exhibited in a wild
unnatural stare of the eyes, with, from time to time, particu-
larly after feeding, a reeling gait.
In such cases I recommend the insertion of a seton at the
back of the head, small doses of aperient medicine pretty fre-
quently, and the daily administration of nux vomica.
COMPRESSION OF THE BRAIN.
Compression of the brain may arise from extravasated
blood within the cranium, morbid growths in connection with
the latter or its contents, the formation of pus or accumula-
tion of serum within the cranial cavity or substance of the
brain, or by mere distension of the bloodvessels (congestion) ,
but probably it more frequently occurs from fracture of the
skull, with depression of the broken parts.*
Symptoms.—Partial or complete coma, depending upon the
seat and extent of compression. The breathing is slow,
labored, and generally stertorous, pulse slow and sometimes
intermittent, eyes fixed, pupils dilated and insensible to light ;
the limbs are relaxed and motionless, the faeces and urine are
frequently passed involuntarily.
Treatment.—To remove, if possible, the cause. If it arises
from congestion of the brain—from mere distension of the
* See “ Fractures.”
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 267
bloodvessels—full local bleeding, and the after administration
of stimulants, with aperient medicine, are the measures indi-
cated. If from depression resulting from fracture, elevation
of the broken parts will be necessary ; or, if from the forma-
tion of pus or accumulation of serum, trephining may be
attempted as a dernier ressort. But whatever may be the
- cause, it is very important in the treatment adopted, to guard
as much as possible against secondary or inflammatory
symptoms, which, should they arise, are to be treated as pre-
viously described.
HYDROCEPHALUS
Hydrocephalus, or water on the brain, is by no means an
unfrequent canine affection. It is invariably congenital, and
is more particularly seen in high-bred dogs, and especially
where the in-and-in system of breeding has been adopted.
Several instances have come under my own observation
attributable, in my opinion, to the latter cause. In one or
two cases absolute idiotcy existed: the animals performing
absurd motions, and alike regardless of petting or scolding.
They were diminutive black-and-tan toys, and, if I may be
allowed the expression, were “dred to death :” destitute of
hair on the ears and skull, the latter unsightly large ; the eyes
painfully prominent and expressionless ; the body deficient in
symmetry, and the limbs distorted. And some of the clefects
named were considered by the creatures’ owners as indica-
tions of the purity of the strain ; and animals of this type are
kept, regardless of entreaties to destroy such insults to na-
ture, for purposes of breeding. Fortunately, however, nature
rarely sanctions issue from such parents.
Symptoms.—In addition to those I have named, ee
is very frequently present, usually in the hind-limbs, which,
in locomotion, are dragged after the animal, There is also
‘often a great disposition to sleep ; but it is generally disturbed
°268 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
by fitful starts and suppressed moans, and the eyelids during
that period are only partially closed.
Treatment.—I have no remark§ to offer on the treatment
of canine hydrocephalus, beyond observing that the measures
adopted in human practice—compression, puncturing, and the
various medicinal agents—might be tried, and possibly with
success, in those cases where exceptional reasons for saving
animal life and removing the unnatural effects of the disease
existed.
TURNSIDE.
This condition, commonly known in sheep as “Gid,” is
sometimes met with in the dog ; but in the latter it is not so
frequently due to the presence of hydatids as to other causes.
The symptoms are not unlike those mentioned in the preced-
ing disease, so far as the inclination to move in one direction
and the paralytic associations are concerned. Youatt de-
scribes them as follows :
“ He becomes listless, dull, off his food, and scarcely re-
cognizes any surrounding object. He has no fit; but he
wanders about the room for several hours at a time, gener-
ally or almost invariably in the same direction, and with his
head on one side. At first he carefully avoids the objects that
are in his way; but by degrees his mental faculties become
impaired ; his sense of vision is confused or lost, and he
blunders against every thing. In fact, if uninterrupted, he
would continue his strange perambulation incessantly, until
he was fairly worn out and died in convulsions.”
With regard to post-mortem examinations, he observes:
“In some cases I have found spicula projecting from the
inner plate of the skull, and pressing upon or even penetra-
ting the dura mater. I know not why the dog should be more
subject to these irregularities of cranial surface than any of
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 269
our other patients, but decidedly he is so; and where they
have pressed upon the brain, there has been injection of the
membranes, and sometimes effusion hetween them.
“In some cases I have found effusion without this external
pressure ; and in some cases, but comparatively few, there
has not been any perceptible lesion. . Hydatids have been
found in the different passages leading to the cranium, but
they have not penetrated ” (?).
MENINGITIS.
Meningitis, or inflammation of the coverings (meninges) of
the brain, in which those enveloping the spinal cord gener-
ally become involved, is occasionally seen in the dog. It is
usually associated with epilepsy, especially if the seizures are
frequent .and protracted. At the present time I have a well-
marked case under treatment, the subject being an aged colley
sheep-dog. , .
The following were the symptoms presented on my first
seeing him: eyes deficient in lustre and somewhat vacant,
lids frequently closed, head drooped, clonic spasm of the
muscles of the lower jaw, the latter repeatedly closing with a
sudden click. The animal always lay on the left side ; when
walking he inclined the same way ; hurried, reeling locomotion,
tongue loaded with fur, nose dry, hot and stuffy, excessive
drowsiness with occasional spasmodic twitchings, pulse fre-
quent and small, appetite moderately good, with a preference
for liquids.
I inserted a seton at the back of the head, ordered milk-
diet, and prescribed
NUX ViOMICAs. «pe ticcroscrengeaiess wlomcnie’s 1% grain.
Quinine Sulph ........... 0... eee e eee I grain.
Ferri Sulph....... 0... 202s eee cece eee 5 grains.
This was given in a dessert-spoonful of sherry, three times a
279 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
day. The patient is slightly, but daily improving under this
treatment, and I have hopes of a recovery. He has now been
three weeks ill, and a fortnight under treatment. A slight in-
crease was made in the nux vomica recently.
M. Leblanc records the following case of meningitis in the
“ Veterinarian,” 1843:
“A dog, aged three years, was very subject to epileptic
fits. After a considerable period the fits would cease. I
have often seen these fits cease with the complete evolution
of the adult teeth. The last fit was a very strong one, and was
followed by peculiar symptoms—the animal became dispirited,
the eyes lost their usual lively appearance, and the eyelids
were often closed. The dog became very drowsy, and during
sleep there were observed, from time to time, spasmodic move-
ments, principally of the muscles of the head and chest. He
always lay down on the left side. When he walked he had a
marked propensity to turn to the left. The animal was placed
under my care. I employed purgatives, a seton in the back
part of the neck, and the application of the cautery to the left
side of the forehead ; but nothing would stop the ‘progress of
the disease, and the dog died in the course of two months —
after the last epileptic fit. ee
“ During his abode in my establishment, he had the run of
the garden when it was fine weather. From the drowsiness
that he manifested when he was shut up, he nearly always re-
covered himself when he had his liberty, and especially while
his strength remained. He was constantly in motion, and
perpetually walking up and down from right to left. This
terminated by falling from mere weariness ; but he presently
rose again and recommenced his travels, and always with a
quick pace. Latterly he began to take a circular course in-
stead of following that of the walks, which were rectangular ;
he then traversed the squares, totally regardless of, or not
seeing, the obstacles that were in his way.
“When he was stopped by some obstacle, he at first en:
deavored to make it give way ; but if it resisted his efforts in
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 271
a.circular direction he turned aside, but always to the left.
The nearer he approached his end the smaller were the cir-
cles that he took, and, in the latter period of his existence, he
did little more than turn, as he would on a pivot. When the
time arrived that he could walk no more, he used.to lay him-
self down on his left side, or, if we put him on the right side, -
he turned his head always to the left. During the whole of
the case I did not observe any very evident signs of palsy.
For a considerable period he had eaten with appetite ; but
nevertheless he grew thin from day to day, although he was
too well fed by the owners, who continually crammed him
with food, notwithstanding my efforts to prevent it.
“ At the post-mortem examination I found a remarkable
thickening of the meninges on almost the whole of the left
lobe of the brain.
“The dura mater, the two layers of the arachnoid mem-
brane and the pia mater, did not constitute more than one mem-
brane of the usual thickness, aud presented a somewhat yel-
low covering. The cerebral substance of the left lobe ap-
peared to be a little firmer than that of the right lobe.
The fissures of the cerebral circumvolutions were here
much less deep than those of the other side. The bloodves-
sels which ran in the fissures were of smaller size, and in some
places could scarcely be discovered.”
The following interesting case, recorded by Messrs. Gowing
and Son, in the “ Veterinarian” for May, 1870, may be classed
under the head of meningeal disease:
“On the 2d inst., our attendance was requested at Brook
Street, Grosvenor Square, in respect of a white terrier
dog, eighteen months old. The history of the case is as
follows : e 8
_ “The owner stated that the dog had been brought from
Oxford, and that he had recently lost his vision. On exami-
nation it was found that the pupils of both eyes were some-
what dilated, and there was no power of recognizing objects ;
the other special senses did not appear to be interfered with,
272 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
as the dog recognized his master’s voice, and would come to
him when called; this he would do slowly and carefully,
apparently using his sense of smell ashis guide. The owner
was asked if the animal had ever received a blow upon the
head, and in reply he stated that he had reason to believe he
had met with some injury in the stable, he thought from one
of the horses. The owner had had the dog examined at
Oxford, and afterwards brought him to London for our opin-
ion. After the examination we felt satisfied that the dog was
suffering from some diseased condition of the brain, and that
his loss of vision was due to this cause. It was noticed that
the dog was steady and cautious in his movements, turning
neither to the right nor to the left, yet he seemed perfectly
obedient to his master’s call. For the purpose of treatment
the dog was removed to our infirmary, and general depletive
measures was used at first ; mild doses of aperient rnedicine
were given occasionally, and some improvement appeared to
be produced, as the animal could, after a time, see with the
left eye ; he recognized his feeder, and ran after a cat that:
accidentally got into his box. This was so far satisfactory, as
indicating that his sight had partially returned ; he ate his food,
and took fluids freely, but on the 15th inst., after his meal, he
vomited, and seemed much prostrated. The attendant de-
sired us to look at him, as he thought he was considerably
worse ; he was found lying on his left side, with the head
protruded and the nose pointing upwards. There was a rigid
condition of the muscles of the neck, the pulsation of the
heart was feeble, and it was apparent that the animal’s end
was approaching. He died at five o’clock, p.m.”
Post-mortem Examination.—On removing the calvarium it
was apparent that effusion had taken place into that part of
the arachnoid sac which is reflected over the left hemisphere;
a slight puncture, made by the saw while the bone was being
removed, was followed by the forcible expulsion of pus-like
fluid. The dura mater was dark-red in color, and came away
from the bone very easily ; the inner surface of the portion
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 273
unaer which the effusion had occurred was covered with a
soft pulpy mass of pus and recently-exuded fibrin, which also
was spread over the surface of the hemisphere. This portion
‘of the brain was somewhat diminished in bulk, but no morbid
appearances were observed in its structure ; in the centre of
the left corpus striatum a recent haemorrhagic clot was found.
“Under the microscope the exudation was found to con-
sist of ordinary inflammatory products, numerous pus cor-
puscles, large exudation corpuscles, fat granules, and fine
white fibres.”
NEURALGIA.
Mr. Fleming has kindly given me the following par-
ticulars of an interesting case which came under his care:
“ An Irish setter, three or four years old, very fond of the
water, which she went into all seasons, summer and winter,
was sent to me for my opinion. Her master complained that
at night, and even during the day, she was seized with fits of
howling and screaming, and appeared to be suffering most
acute pain. I examined the mouth carefully for decayed
teeth, the ears for canker, etc., but nothing could be found
the matter with her in these respects. When being led away
she suddenly gave a piercing howl, bent her head round to
the right side, as if suffering from earache or toothache.
‘She gradually rose up on her hind-legs, fell backwards, and
lay howling for a considerable time. Another examination
was made, but nothing could be discovered to account for the
peculiar symptoms. The animal was perfectly conscious
throughout.
“Surmising the case to be one of tic douloureux or
neuralgia, I had a blister applied from the root of the ear
along the right side of the face, and a dose of castor-oil ad-
ministered. The symptoms continued for two or three days.
Twice. a day a little extract of belladonna was rubbed on the
blisteed surface. In about a week the animal was quite
well, gind there has since been no returns of the symptoms.”
| 18
7
|
CHAPTER XVII.
GENERAL DISEASES.
ABSCESS, OBESITY,
TUMORS, RHEUMATISM,
BRONCHOCELE, RICKETS,
DIPHTHERIA, SCROFULA,
DISTEMPER, GLANDERS,
DROPSY, SMALL-POX,
LEUKAMIA, MEASLES,
ANEMIA, TETANUS,
MARASMUS, CRAMP,
PLETHORA, HEART DISEASES.
ABSCESS.
Aw abscess signifies an encysted collection of pus, z.¢., a quan-
tity of matter enclosed in a newly-formed cyst or capsule.
An abscess may be external or internal, acute or
chronic.
External abscess may exist on any portion of the body,
and be superficial or deep-seated.
Internal abscesses are very frequently associated with a
phthisical or scrofulus diathesis, hence preumonic, i ae
and mesenteric abscess.
Or they may exist independently of such diatheses, and
arise from acute inflammatory diseases, blood-poiséning,
wounds, and the like, and any of the internal organs become
the seat of their formation,
(274)
GENERAL DISEASES. 275
Glandular structures are especially liable to abscess, and
from the complexity of bloodvessels surrounding them, this
is not to be wondered at.
Symptoms.—The early symptoms of external abscess are
pain, heat, redness, and swelling. As the formation proceeds,
the enlargement becomes more or less cedematous on its sur-
face, from the exudation of serum external to, and surround-
ing the cyst, and this causes it to pit on pressure.
The abscess enlarges as it develops, the pain increases,
and throbbing or “jumping” is felt on placing the fingers
on the part. As the pus approaches the surface, fluctuation
is perceived, the surrounding parts become glazed and dis-
colored, while the point to which the matter is tending for
exit becomes thin and colorless.
Treatment.—The primary treatment of abscess coasists in
encouraging a speedy formation of pus, and this is usually
effected by the application of poultices, hot fomentations, or
stimulating liniments.
When the abscess has arrived at what is vulgarly termed
“a head,” which may be known by the symptoms alluded to
in its latter stage of development, evacuation by incision
should at once take place. A poultice may afterwards be ap-
plied, or the sac syringed out with tepid water.
The customary practice of squeezing is strongly objection-
able, it increases the inflammatory condition of the part, and
inflicts additional and unnecessary torture on the patient.
It is advisable, to prevent secondary abscess, that the in-
cision be kept open for a few days by the insertion of a tent
of lint or tow, or the injection of a little stimulating liniment.
Usually, more or less febrile disturbance accompanies the
formation of acute abscess, and it is advisable, therefore, at
the onset, to administer a mild aperient. Again, it must be
borne in mind that abscesses, especially if they are of any
magnitude, or diffused, are exceedingly debilitating—full sup-
port in the shape of nourishing food and tonics (iron) are
thus indicated. .
276 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
Chronic Abscess is comparatively slow in development, and
is usually seen in old animals, and those of feeble or weak
constitution. Pe
Such abcesses are generally large and deep-seated, and
considerable emaciation usually accompanies them.
Treatment.—Evacuation by incision, as in the acute form,
is, if practicable, decidedly advisable. Where, however, the
situation renders opening dangerous, and the abcess is small,
discussion should be attempted by the application of a stimu-
lant to absorption over the part, and the administration of a
similar agent internally. The tincture of iodine for the for-_
mer, and the iodide of potassium for the latter, are the agents
most frequently and beneficially used.
Attention to the general condition of the system, especially
to the secretions, is also necessary. The food should be plain,
wholesome and nutritious.
Internal Abscess can rarely be treated by surgical means.
The symptoms are usually discovered, if in the lungs, by
auscultation, nasal discharge, and the nature of the ex-
pectoration ; if in the uterus, by the discharge of pus per
vaginam ; if in the kidney, by heat and pain over the loins
and difficulty in voiding urine, which is at times mingled with
pus. ,
The symptoms of hepatic abscess are extremely obscure—
the usual indications of deranged liver are invarably present,
and there is excessive pain on pressure to the right side,
which the animal avoids lying on.
TUMORS.
These may be divided into fatty, fbrous, calcareous,
osseous, and melanotic.
fatty Tumors are of common occurrence in dogs, especially
of the spaniel breed. Their situation is generally subcutane-
-
GENERAL DISEASES, 277
ous ; I have removed them from the cheek, back, side, thigh,
and axilla,
They possess a very low organization unless injured, when
they will become inflamed—though this is a very rare occur-
rence in the dog.
Their growth is usually slow, and dependent, to a great ex-
tent, on the condition of the patient; in other words, these
tumors being composed of adipose tissue, they increase in
proportion to the obesity or development of this tissue in
other parts of the animal.
Diagnosis is generally simple. The substance is smooth,
movable, unattached, and pressure produces no pain,
Treatment.—Excision, which in all cases may be safely
and successfully adopted. One long incision, nearly the
length of the substance, is made, the skin reflected back, and
there being nothing but areolar tissue to divide, the tumor
is easily and quickly removed from its bed. The lips of the
incision are then drawn together with silk sutu. , and the
‘part afterwards may be treated as a common wound.
Fibrous Tumors.—These occasionally come under the
notice of the canine surgeon. They usually proceed from in-
juries, and are chiefly found in connection with the jaws or
" limbs.
Diagnos?s.—They have a firm attachment, are irregular in
surface, hard, and insensible to pressure.
Treatment-—Excision is most advisable; but from the
tumor frequently being adherent to the integument, it is not
so easily accomplished as in the previous kind.
On examination after removal, the tumor will generally be
found to be composed of a cyst (Fibro-cystic),* filled with
*In the “Veterinary” for January, 1871, Messrs. Gowing & Son re-
cord a case of cystic tumor in the lumbar region of an aged spaniel dog,
which they removed by excision. ‘‘ The tumor presented several peculiar
features; its walls were principally composed of white fibrous tissue, in-
termixed with a few fibres of yellow elastic tissue. Besides the cyst which
Mr. Gowing punctured, there was another of equal size which contained
about four ounces of fluid, having the appearance of pus slightly tinged
278 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
serous fluid ; and it sometimes happens during life, from in-
flammation being created in the substance of the tumor, that
this cystic fluid becomes purulent, the sac ruptures, and de:
generates into a common, unhealthy, subacute abscess. Ex-.
cision is, even under the circumstances, still advisable; for
even if we get it healed, and the tumor still remains, absorp-
tion is out of the question. Fibro-cystic tumor is usually
present in “capped elbows,” Removal by excision is simple,
and is followed by no ill effects. When they occur in con-
nection with the hocks it is more advisable to use outward ap-
plications. JI have found iodine the best agent.
Calcareous Tumor.—This description of tumor is. most fre-
quently found in the vicinity of glands. Inthe dog, it is gen-
erally seen in connection with the fibrous tumor of the mam-
mary gland. In long-existing cases, the latter is often entirely
supplanted by the former.
Treatment.—As in the two former, excision is the only ad-
visable treatment, except when the deposit takes place in
situations other than the mammary gland, and where it would
be impossible, with safety, to use the knife. ‘Counter irritation,
or the daily application of iodine, would then be indicated,
but absorption in such cases is hopeless.
with blood. This fluid, under the microscope, was found to contain a large
quantity of cholesterine, with exudation—corpuscles and blood-discs. In
the interior of the cyst which was last opened, there was a small detached
tumor of the size of a chestnut, smooth on the surface, and quite firm in
texture. To the interior of the walls of the two cysts were altached small
tumors, varying in size from a pea to a hazel-nut, and on the surface of the
lining of the cysts a quantity of flocculent white matter was deposited.”
Three accompanying microscopic illustrations are given to convey an
idea of the structure of the morbid growths, which were all composed of
the same elements. It is further observed: “It is obvious that the
morbid growth originated in disease of the structures of the true skin,
probably the result of an injury.”
I recently removed a fibro-cystic tumor the size of a hazel-nut from
a fore-toe of a small black-and-tan terrier. Placing a ligature round
close to its attachment, I drew it sufficiently tight to sever it at once;
the hemorrhage, which was excessive for the situation, I stayed with
cautery.
GENERAL DISEASES. 279
Osseous Tumors.—These are of comparatively rare occur-
rence in the dog. When seen, they are usually found in
connection with the limbs, more especially about the hocks
and knees,* and are generally associated with the disease
termed “rickets,” for the treatment of which see “ Rickets,”
Melanotic Tumor.—Melanosis is, I believe, an unrecorded
if not almost an unknown, disease inthe dog. To Mr. Flem-
ing I am indebted for the following particulars of an interest-
ing case which came under his own notice :
‘A large, black, well-bred setter was brought to me for
advice, with regard to a swelling on the back part of his fore-
leg. The skin was very much thickened from the elbow to
near the carpus, and destitute of hair. The enlargement was
movable and soft. As it was too extensive to remove with-
out blemishing the dog considerably, and as it did not cause
any pain or inconvenience, I deemed it advisable to let it
alone. In aweek or ten days afterwards, my farrier-major
brought me a portion of a dog’s lung, which he said was ob-
tained from this setter, it having suddenly died the day before.
The surface of the lung was covered with round, soft, globular
* At the present time I have a patient, a mastiff, under my care, with
an enormous osseous tumor of honeycomb or cancellated structure, sur-
rounding the lower end of the radius. Though the knee joint is not
involved, yet the foot is comparatively useless, being greatly swollen,
benumbed; and dangling, owing to the pressure by the tumor on the
structures above. The friction of, or injury by, the chain, is supposed to
have been the original cause of the disease. Prior to my advice being
sought, it had been under the treatment of other veterinary surgeons, with-
out any successful results. For the first ten days I had applied, exter-
nally, absorbents and hot fomentations ; in the softest portions I lanced it,
and there was discharged from the’ two openings made, a thin bloody
fluid, not offensive, and containing no pus. The probe came in contact
everywhere with rough, spongy bone. The fomentations are continued,
with an occasional injection of a strong solution of nitrate of silver. Iron
and iodine are administered twice daily, and the food is of a substantial
nature. . The poor creature is much emaciated, but is now slightly improv-
ing, and the pain and swelling have abated. -An entire removal of the
deposit is, of course, out of the question, but I have good hopes of pro-
longing the animal’s life, and rendering him useful. ~
280 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
masses, as black as ink, varying in size from a millet-seed to a
large pea. He had opened the dog, and stated that he found
the swelling on the leg full of black matter. The liver, heart,
other portions of the lungs, and beneath the skin over the
body, were all in the same condition as the portion of, lung
which he brought tome. Examination of the latter proved
that the deposits were of a melanotic nature, and no doubt
had been the cause of death.”
BRONCHOCELE,
Or enlargement of the thyroid glands on one or both sides,
is commonly met with in every breed of dogs, The cause of
this glandular enlargement is somewhat doubtful. Animals
in a debilitated condition appear most liable to it, while, on
the other hand, those in robust health will become affected.
The anatomical formation of the neck and throat would
seem to have some predisposing influence ; for short, thick-
necked, throaty dogs are those, according to my experience,
most frequently the subject of this disease.
Symptoms.—Bronchocele may come on insidiously or sud-
denly ; hence we hear of dogs, to use a common expression,
with “kernels” in the throat, which have been observed there
for some time, but become no larger. Others are discovered
to have an immense swelling at the throat, which was un-
detectable the previous day. .
In cases where the thyroid enlargement is considerable,
difficulty in breathing willbe one of the prominent symptoms ;
this arises from pressure by these enlarged glands on the
trachea, which also cause much inconvenience to the neigh-
boring structures, as the throat and ‘vessels of the neck,
creating obstructed circulation and difficulty in swallowing.
Treaiment.—Our object in the treatment of bronchocele is
to arrest growth and promote absorption. Iodine, externally
and internally, is the most powerful remedy for this purpose.
GENERAL DISEASES. 281
In the former, after first shaving off the hair, the liniment or
tincture should be painted on with a brush daily. In the
latter it is best combined with iron (ferri iodidum) in 5 to 10
grain doses daily.
When suppuration takes place, which in the dog is not un-
frequent, the ordinary treatment for abscess is indicated.
Extirpation of the thyroid gland or the insertion of setons
are dangerous operations, and only warranted in extreme
cases. ;
DIPHTHERIA.
Among the laryngeal diseases affecting the dog, diphtheria
(so-called) finds a place. As J have not seen any throat
malady that could be correctly termed such, myself, I tran-
scribe from the “ Veterinary Journal” for August, 1875, some
interesting cases recorded by Mr. W. Robertson, M.R.C.V.S.,
Kelso.
“Tn the outbreak of diphtheria amongst the dogs, a cer-
tain amount of variation or modification, as respects the
phenomena exhibited during the course of the development
of the disease, was observed in several of the individuals.
“The dogs amongst which this outbreak occurred formed
part of a kennel of high-bred greyhounds. The kennel was
in two divisions ; the exercise-yard of the one division run-
_ ning to within two yards of the door of the dormitory of the
other, which had originally been a stable, and where all the
cases of the disease occurred. The inmates of this kennel
were a mixed lot as regarded age; one half were puppies
about twelve months old, the other half consisted in greater
part of dogs between eighteen and twenty-four months, with a
few aged animals. There had been no importation of animals
for some time, and no illness, not even distemper, amongst
the residents. The disease first made its appearance amongsi
the puppies, and nearly the whole, if not the whole, of these
were dead before any of the others were seized. Many o1
282 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
the puppies had died before alarm was taken, the kennel-man
imagining that they were suffering from distemper ; at last
suspicion was aroused, and, as usual when any considerable
mortality occurs amongst animals, which is rather puzzling to
those engaged in their management, poison administered
maliciously, or obtained accidentally, was credited with the
mortality. An analysis, however, of the viscera of two animals
negatived this idea. The average duration of the disease in
those fatal cases was a little over two days ; many died earlier,
and none survived beyond the fourth day.
“With the exception of the glands of the throat and
cervical region, the structural alterations observable in all
cases may be said to have been confined to the fauces and
the air passages anterior to the glottis. The urine, in all the
instances where this secretion. was examined, was opaque, in-
creased in density, and charged with albumen.
“In some cases, from the outset, the fever was high, the
local inflammatory action markedly acute, the mucous mem-
brane over the fauces, tonsils and palate became of a dark-
red color, tense, smooth, and glistening in appearance, ap-
parently from distension from infiltration of the submucous
tissue. In these also the whole gland-structures of the mouth
and throat were more or less swollen and tender, with degluti-
tion from the first extremely difficult or altogether impossible.
The earliest stages were marked by exaltation of temperature,
accelerated pulse and respirations, together with slight rest-
lessness, if not actually giving evidence of pain ; very shortly,
however, these signs of increased functional activity disap-
peared, there was marked depression, listlessness, and want
of muscular energy ; emesis and diarrhcea might also be
present. Z
“The majority of the cases were of this type, and they
were also those which succumbed the quickest, death in them
seeming to result as much from the extension of the local
diseased action into the larynx as from the virulence of the
septikemia.
GENERAL DISEASES. 283
“ Post-mortem examination of these cases showed that
only when the animals had survived more than twenty-four
hours was there observable any thing in the form of the pecu-
liar and characteristic grey coagulated exudation ; this being
sometimes in spots, and at others in considerable stripes, but
always adherent to the mucous membrane.
“More frequently the exudation, which was always. pres-
ent, was a glossy, tenacious, soft, structureless, or granular
material, more thickly deposited on some parts than others.
“ Another form or type in which the disease manifested
itself was that where the febrile disturbance seemed scarcely
so severe, the exten: io. of the local diseased action less rapid,
and the power of swallowing never entirely gone ; but where
the glands of the throat and cervical region were early swol-
len, and increased in size rapidly, together with extensive
infiltration of the connective tissue in which these gland-
structures are embedded. In such there was from the first
marked stiffness of the neck ‘and greater restlessness until
coma supervened. :
“A third class, again, exhibited what may most fitly be
termed the ‘nasal type.’ After a certain amount of dulness,
and fever of a lower character than was met with in either of
the other forms mentioned, there would appear evident sore
throat, with a discharge of a sanious material from the nos-
trils. On examining the mouth, material of a similar nature,
but more watery from mingling with the saliva, might be seen
bubbling over the tongue from the fauces. Cases of this form
survived longest ; and in them only did we find sordes on the |
teeth and lips, the breath becoming fcetid and the lymphatic’
glands much swollen. The after-death examination of these
showed that the disease had extended—whether from con-
tinuity or separate centres was impossible to say—into the
posterior nasal channels.
“The infiltration, however, of the submucous tissue and
exudate, in connection with the membrane, was always most
distinctive in the pharynx, and at the pillars of the soft palate,
284 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG,
Of the few affected animals which survived, one, while recov-
ering, became blind of both eyes, with, at first, no appreciable
structural alteration of the organs, although in a few days the
cornea of both became opaque, apparently from infiltration of
the intimate structures of the membrane ; ultimately, sight
was restored. ;
“ Another, about a fortnight after the obvious symptoms
of the disease had disappeared, became affected with clonic
spasms, or twitching of the muscles of the face and cervical
region, followed in a few days by paraplegia. After a tedious
convalescence, this animal also regained full nervous power.
“ Being satisfied regarding the nature of the disease, we
counselled the removal of all those dogs housed in the kennel
as yet uncontaminated ; and the shifting of such as were still,
to appearance, healthy from the kennel where the disease had
arisen to this one, vacated by the unaffected. Immediately
following this, the drains of the place were ordered to be ex-
amined, as the sanitary condition was the opposite of satis-
factory. On being laid open, these were found all but com-
pletely choked with filth, the more fluid portions of the sew-
age having for some time been percolating into the soil be-
neath the flooring of the kennel, rather than discharged: in the
natural or proper manner.
“The principal drain, I may mention, had a communica-
tion with the dormitory portion of the kennel, by means of an
ordinary perforated grating. This kennel had no communica-
tion by means of its drains with the other, which, as already
mentioned, was in close proximity, and where the dogs con-
“tinued healthy.
“The dogs removed from the uncontaminated kennel were
placed in a stable a mile distant, and continued healthy.
“ Among those taken from the kennel where the disease
originated, and located in the other, three fresh cases occurred
after their removal, one of which died.
“ After removing the flooring and opening the drains, it
was deemed advisable, considering the condition of the walls
GENERAL DISEASES. 285
of the house, not to repair it, but to build another on a dif-
ferent site. After a considerable time, both the new kennel
and the one which remained, and into which the dogs from
the old one had been removed, were again occupied ; and
with no bad results, the disease having ceased a few days
after the kennel where it first appeared had been vacated.
“T have purposely refrained from commentirfg upon, or
drawing any conclusions from these facts ; or attempting to
enter upon the question of the etiology of diphtheria: whether
we are in all cases to regard it as the result of the reception
into the animal body of contagion, living, particulate, and
specific—a true ‘ mycosis, —or, in many cases, to revert to our
knowledge of chemistry and chemical laws for an explanation .
of the different phenomena.
“ Circumstances which have occurred, and conditions which
have been observed, have been stated in the hope that pos-
sibly some inquirer in this particular path of research may
find these facts, when collated with others, helpful in shed-
ding a light over what at the present, in some of its aspects,
is rather obscure.”
In a leading article in the same journal, on “The Trans-
missibility of Diphtheria from Man to the Lower Animals,”
it is remarked: “ We have no strong proof that croup or
diphtheria is contagious in animals, except the first-named
disease, which is so in poultry.
“ The relations of diphtheria in animals to the same dis-
ease in mankind have only been recently definitely established ;
while the transmission of the malady from one species to an-
other has been satisfactorily demonstrated. There are cer-
tainly no proofs that any relationship exists between the mal-
ady termed ‘distemper’ in the dog and diphtheria, though on
occasions they may have prevailed coincidentally in a district.
“Thus, in 1851 or 1852, a severe outbreak of the latter
disease occurred in Tasmania, which swept off two or three
members in every family ; at the same time, according to the
report of the Australian Royal Commission on Diphtheria,
286 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG,
all the dogs died of distemper. There may have been some
morbid influence at work which favored the genesis and ex-
tension while it added to the virulency of both scourges ;
but beyond this we cannot at present go, for if we remember
aright, dogs perished about the same time in great numbers
from distemper in New Zealand and Australia—even the
dingoes, or native wild dogs, being found dead in multitudes
in the scrub ; and yet we cannot ascertain that diphtheria
was at all prevalent, or even present, in these countries at
that period.
“To our knowledge, there is only one instance of a case
in which accidental transmission of the disease from man to
an inferior animal appears likely to have occurred, and this is
alluded to by Dr. Sir J. Rose Cormack, in the ‘Lancet’ for
April 24th of the present year. It is related by Professor
Bossi in the ‘Giornale di Medicina Veterinaria Pratica d’ Agri-
coltura,’ and is to the following effect: ‘A friend who had
lost a child by diphtheria, after a few days’ illness, requested
me to visit a very beautiful small-breed greyhound about one
year old, which had become unwell a few days after swallow-
ing some of the child’s excreta, and some remains of food
which had been served to him. On making a careful examin-
ation of the dog, Bossi found it in a state of great prostration ;
languid look, lachrymant eyes, and open mouth copiously
discharging a viscid fluid ; quick sibilant breathing, hoarse
voice, full, hard, rapid pulse ; the neck so stretched as to be
almost rigid ; and difficulty in deglutition. By digital exam-
ination, the throat was discovered to be cedematous, and the
seat of severe pain. On opening the mouth—a difficult oper-
ation—the mucous membrane of the fauces was seen to be
red and swollen, and two ulcers were on the veil of the palate
and right tonsil; that on the latter was of some size and
depth, and had an elevated border.’ The symptoms and ap-
pearances in this case led Bossi to conclude that the animal
was suffering from diphtheria, or perhaps more correctly
speaking, from laryngo-pharyngeal angina of pseudo-membra-
‘
GENERAL DISEASES, 287
nous or croupal character. The dog died on the third day,
from suffocation, after having had some convulsive movements.
At the necropsy, the mucous membrane of the fauces was
found in a pulpy condition and denuded of epithelium. Here
and there the membranous exudation presented the appear-
ance of compact, thick, adherent excrescences. The ulcer-
ations were blackish and very deep. The inflammation ex- .
tended to the mucous membrane of the pharynx and larynx.
The heart and lungs, contained pitch-like blood and several
fibro-albuminous concretions.
“This is a remarkable case, and one well worth remem-
bering by members of the veterinary profession, many of
whom have a great deal of practice among dogs; animals
which, from their intimate association with mankind, and
from their habits and tastes, would be the most likely to re-
ceive the contagion, if it be really transmissible.
“Experimental evidence as to the transmissibility of
diphtheria from man to animals is not very abundant, but it
appears to be sufficiently clear to enable careful pathologists
to come to a decision ; as several have concluded, from the
results of their attempts to produce the disease in animals,
that the morbid process generated in these by inoculating
portions of diphtheritic concretion is not simply what has been
designated a ‘mycosis,’ but is, in reality, the specific malady
itself. In his report on the ‘ Pathology of the Infective Pro-
cesses,’ just published in that of the Medical Officer of the
Privy Council, Dr. Burdon Sanderson gives a résumé of the
experiments. made by the principal of these pathologists. —
“Of these observers, Dr. Sanderson points out that Dr.
Letzerich,* of Braunfels (Nassau), and Dr. Oertel, of Munich,
* Letzerich, “ Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Diphtheritis,” “ Virchow’s
Archiv.,” vols. xlv. p. 3273 xlvi. p. 229; xlvii. p. 516. ‘Monographie
der Diphtherie,” Berlin, 1872. “ Die Entwickelung des Diphtherie-
pilzes,” “ Virchow’s Archiv.,” vol. lviii. p. 303 (1873). :
+ Oertel, ‘‘Experimentelle Untersuchungen iiber Diphtherie ;’
“Deutsches Archiv. fir Klin. Med.,” vol. viii. pp. 242-354.
288 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
are the most important. The former is the author of several
papers on diphtheria, the titles of which are given in a note.
These papers contain various observations relating to diph-
theria as it presents itself clinically, and serve to illustrate the
intimate association of the development of microzymes in the
affected parts with the morbid process ; the author also re-
cords numerous experiments showing that when the disease
is communicated by inoculation, its characteristics reappear
in the infected animal, even those which belong to its more
remote complications.
“Dr, Letzerich’s facts lose much of their value, according
to Sanderson, from their not being set down with that simpli-
city which ought to characterize all scientific writings. His
papers, moreover, contain a great deal of questionable mycol-
ogy, in which the patient reader is apt to lose himself in his
search after objective facts.
“The Mémoire of Dr. Oertel, published three years ago,
also embodies anatomical and experimental investigations
relating to the effect of inoculating animals with material
derived from the larynx in cases of diphtheritic laryngitis in
children. Like Letzerich, the author found that a disease
having well-defined, pathological characteristics, and, in par-
ticular, associated with nephritis, could be produced by such
inoculation ; and further, that it could be communicated from
one animal to another without losing any of its distinctive
features. He further shoved thet te disease in question,
whatever were the local peculiarities given to it by the-tissue”
in which it was ingrafted, was always a mycosis; in other
words, that all the ‘localizations’ of the disease were associa-
ted with the presence in the affected part of innumerable
microzymes. As regards the agents of infection, he con-
cluded that their presence was the only constant characteristic
of the contagion, for he found that the disease could be pro-
duced by the transference to the tissues of a healthy animal of
even the smallest fragment of any diseased tissue, and that
GENERAL DISEASES. 289
all diseased tissues contained microzymes in greater or less
numbers.”
After giving a short account of a series of experiments, in
which the disease was transmitted through five successions of
animals, the first inoculative material being taken from a
child twelve hours after death, the article proceeds to ob-
serve : P
“In ‘ Virchow’s Archiv.’ for April of the present year (p.
178), Letzerich relates an interesting case, in which diph-
theria was transmitted to a child through the medium of
vaccine lymph ; and he also gives the details of an important
test experiment, in which a dog was inoculated with vaccine,
matter that had been mixed with a small proportion of matter
from a diphtheritic mass removed from the tonsils of a child
that had died of the disease: this was supposed to -contain
active organisms of the affection (Diptherie organismus).
The dog was inoculated on the left side of the body, near the
spine, by eleven points, and three punctures, and four wounds.
On the third day a soft swelling was observed, and the skin
was red and hot; the wounds were gaping, indurated, and
covered with a whitish, doughy-looking exudate. The swel-~
ling, it may be mentioned, continued until the dog died. The
inoculation points were also somewhat gaping, and in the
same condition as the wounds and punctures. From the
third day the dog lost its appetite, and there was noted’
an important and considerable periodical increase of tem-
perature. From the seventh day it would eat nothing ; the
pulse was small and exceedingly quick, and, the respiration
hurried ; the animal lay on its side, and in this condition
died.
«On examination of the body, it was discovered that in
the swollen baggy part of the skin where the inoculatious had
been made, there was fibrinous infiltration of the subcuta-
neous connective tissue, with hemorrhagic patches of a
bluish-blaék or dirty, light-red color, that passed deep into
19
290 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
the muscles of the back. In the abdominal muscles attached
_to the spine, as well as in the peritoneum, there were also a.
few isolated patches, generally running into each other in an
irregular manner. In the connective tissue of this region
were many marked hemorrhagic patches, and they were all
related more or less to others in the connective tissue sur-
rounding the left kidney. This organ exhibited on the infero-
external portion, which was in contact with the lumbar region,
a circular, eroded, hemorrhagic spot, about the size of a
rather large pea. The liver was reddish-brown in color, and
very much enlarged and indurated. The spleen was also en-
~larged, very full of blood, and its parenchyma softened. The
heart was softened, and its fexture very light colored. ,The
lungs were healthy, but the stomach and intestines were some-
what swollen ; the stomach was empty, and the small intes-
tines nearly so; the large. intestines contained a quantity of
fluid feces, but no scybala. The right lumbar region was
normal, and the right kidney large and light-colored. “The
bladder contained a small quantity of muddy urine.
“A colleague of Dr. Letzerich made a most careful and
interesting histological examination of the body, and found
at the seat of inoculation, in the wedge-shaped exudate formed
at the punctures and wounds, bacteria and plasma-globules
(plasma-kugein) closely agglomerated, the latter being in a
‘finely granular condition. In a prepared section of the skin
it was noted that the sheaths of the hair in various parts were
full of bacteria, micrococci vesicles, and plasma-globules. In
the texture of the skin itself were numerous masses of bac-
teria and plasma-globules, as well as clusters of micrococci.
In the vicinity of those muscles which were stained by hamorr- -
hagic patches, the capillaries were distended, and contained
the same abnormal elements ; these were also seen in the
connective tissue of these parts, as well as between the nerve-
bundles and muscular fibres. In the interior of the capil-
laries of the haemorrhagic patches themselves, between the
GENERAL DISEASES. : 2g1
masses of red blood-globules, were immense colonies of
micrococci ; the same condition was observed in the perito-
neum and its connective issue. The muscular fibrilla were
scarcely distinguishable in these patches, and their meshes
were enormously distended by escaped red blood-globules and
an extraordinary number of colonies of micrococci, with an
exuberance of plasma-globules.
“Inthe round hemorrhagic spot on the left kidney, and for
some depth in its substance, were masses of red blood-globules.
and clustering: rows of wandering micrococci. All the tu-
bules of the gland were filled with exudate, in which bacteria
and plasma-globules were seen in great quantities.. In the
right kidney the migratory vegetable organisms (wandering
pilzen) were observed to be in their first stage of develop-
ment. Nota part of the liver that was examined, but con-
tained the retrograde vegetable formations ; all the cells were
filled with them. Between the fibres of the heart were only
discovered layers of plasma-globules and bacteria ; but many
of the smaller veins were filled with colonies of micrococci
which adhered to their walls. The spleen was in the same
condition as the liver ; indeed, the reporter states that it was
only an emulsion of cells, cell-debris (¢rimmern), nuclei,
‘bacteria, small micrococci, anda diversity of large plasma-
globules. The pulmonary bloodvessels contained the charac-
teristic diphtheria organisms (diphtheriepilzes) ; in one portion
of the parenchyma of the lungs was found a small micrococci
ecchymosis. “
“ All these alterations are well illustrated by colored
drawings.
“From the case of accidental transmission of diphtheria
through vaccination, and this experimental conveyance of the
malady to a dog, Letzerich draws the following conclusions :
1. Vaccine matter which has passed through a diphtheritic
subject, and become tainted, will not produce a vaccine pus-
tule at the place where it was inserted. 2. That lymph so
tainted, when introduced by inoculation, speedily gives rise
292 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
to general diphtheria. From the obvious results of the experi-
mental case in particular, it may be concluded: 1. That
inoculation with lymph which has not been tainted with
diphtheritic organisms will, in a given time, and in a normal
manner, give rise to the well-known pustules ; and 2. On the
contrary, that the local diphtheria of an inoculation wound is
followed by general diphtheria, as a secondary process.
“Whether the diphtheria of the lower animals is inter-
transmissible, or whether it may be communicable to the hu-
man species, we have no evidence to base even a supposition
upon ; but there can scarcely be any reason for hesitation in
accepting the fact that another malady is added to the list of
those which are at least capable of being conveyed from man
to creatures lower in the scale of creation. This new addition
furnishes another proof of the value of comparative pathology,
and the close relations which exist between animal and human
medicine.” ,
DISTEMPER.
Probably no disease to which our canine friends are sub-
ject has received less attention sccentifically, or caused greater
diversity of opinion when it has received that attention, than
the one termed “Distemper.” Every gamekeeper, dog-
breaker, or kennel-man has his particular recipe ; most drug-
gists possess some wonderful prescription ; while sporting
and other papers abound in advertisements of specifics and
nostrums,
In discussing this subject, it is not my intention to lay
down any fixed rule of treatment adapted to every case, but
only for those in which the disease assumes the forms herein
described, and from which I have derived the greatest
benefit.
Nature, in many instances, works her own cure ; while
GENERAL DISEASES, 293
numerous methods of treatment produce mischief, and result
in death.
Distemper may be described as a catarrhal fever, gen-
erally. affecting the mucous membranes of the head, air-
passages, and alimentary tract, in which the nervous system
frequently becomes involved—hence distemper fits, and local
or general paralysis. It is a highly contagious disease,
though oftentimes itis undoubtedly self-generated. Age: is
no preventive ; at any period of life dogs are liable to become
infected. But Mr. Fleming correctly observes, “It is more
particularly a disease of youth, and is much more frequent
and fatal among highly-bred, pampered animals, than those
which live in a less artificial manner, and whose constitution
_is less modified by breeding and rearing.”* Neither does one
attack render a dog secure from a second ; but in the latter
it is contracted, I believe, invariably by contagion alone.
Distemper is not, as many persons suppose, a necessary
disease, as numbers of dogs pass through life without ever
becoming the subject of it. The fact of the malady being ~
unknown in this country prior to the seventeenth century (?)
strongly supports this view ; as dogs then were probably as
numerous as now, though not perhaps so mixed in breed.
In all cases it is ushered in with catarrhal symptoms, and
these, as the malady proceeds, may become complicated with
pneumonia, jaundice, enteric disease, epilepsy, chorea, or
paralysis: though the two latter are, as a rule, sequels, I
have occasionally seen them exist in conjunction with dis-
temper.
Causes-—These may be enumerated under the following
heads :—Contagion, badly-drained and ill-ventilated kennels
(which in young dogs are especially fruitful causes of dis-
temper), exposure to damp and cold, insufficient feeding, and
poor food, over-feeding (particularly with flesh), and too
little exercise. ;
Worms have been mentioned by some authors as another
* “ Veterinary Sanitary Science and Police,” vol. ii. p. 290.
294 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
cause, and certainly they are frequently present: in this dis-
ease ; yet it must be borne in mind that they are equally so
in dogs that are over, or have never had distemper, That
their presence bodes no good to the animal while under the
influence of the infection (or indeed at any time), can be
readily understood, but especially, I should say, during the
existence of distemper : because the mucous membranes are
then in an irritable condition, and these pests are not likely
to reduce, but to increase that irritation, and produce—what
is to be dreaded at all times, but doubly so in distemper—a
fit. The condition of the patient then justifying it (1 qualify
it thus, because there are circumstances under which it would
be unwise to administer the drugs usually given for this pur
pose), the sooner the worms are expelled the better. Asa
vermifuge, the areca nut is least harmful ; turpentine, at other
times most valuable, must be used with great caution here.
Teething has been affirmed as another cause of this dis-
ease, but here again the assumption has probably taken place
from dogs at that period of their lives being most liable to diss
temper. An irritability of system and a degree of inflamma-
tory fever is undoubtedly established at that crisis ; and such
a condition may render the subject more liable to contract the
disease, if brought in contact with it ; but certainly not other-
wise, any more than the same process can produce in human
beings measles, chicken-pox, or scarlet fever.
The period of incubation is usually from one to three
weeks, and the duration of the malady may be a week, or two
or three months. ;
Symptoms.—The premonitory ones are: A heavy sleep
look about the face, nose hot and dry, a disinclination for
food, shivering, arched back, and more or less lassitude. In
from two to three days a watery discharge takes place from
eyes and nose, the animal frequently sneezes, and this is fol-
lowed by coughing, retching, and vomiting. The discharge
from the eyes and nose soon becomes purulent, the eyelids
are inflamed and swollen, the breathing is accelerated, the in-
GENERAL DISEASES. 295
clination for warmth more evident, and the prostration
greater.
Treatment.—Prompt and judicious treatment, in a case of
this kind, will generally be attended with success. Immediately
the first of the foregoing symptoms are observed, the patient
should be placed in a dry, but not too warm atmosphere, and
the habitation—if in the kennel—well drained and disin-
fected.
With regard to medicinal agents, a mild emetic is at the
onset advisable, as—
Anitimy Tartinsce icaue <aaw ds ase’ 1-3 grains.
Calomel (ccc aa. grain.
A good household emetic is a teaspoonful each of mus-
tard and salt in a little warm water: its action is speedy and
safe, and it fulfils all the purposes required.
The favorite draught of syrup of buckthorn and castor-oil,
is not always commendable ; but in the majority of cases of
this kind it is beneficial, and should follow the emetic within
a short time. When the catarrhal symptoms advance, and
coughing takes place, I recommend the insertion of a small
seton in front of the chest ; this is to be daily dressed with
mild digestive ointment, and not removed so long as bron-
chial irritation is present. Stimulants, combined with tonics
are also required at this period. Either of the following form,s
Antim. Tart. :
may be used:
Spts. Ether. Nit.......---.eee- ees 4 drachms.
Tinct. Gentian Co..-.- ----- heheaaea 4 5
Aqua Meénth,. «:<ise sees seers eee 1% ounce.
A teaspoonful three times a day for a terrier ; double the
quantity for a large dog, in the same quantity of linseed tea.
Or, :
‘Port Wine. .....:---.ee eee eee 1 teaspoonful.
Quinine Sulph.--.----+.0-+0.+5 I grain.
With the same directions.
296 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
The food should be light and nutritious—as milk, mutton-
broth, or beef-tea deprived of its fat. If the patient refuses
to take any thing, meat nearly raw, chopped small, and made
into balls and administered, will afford the best means of
support. When the catarrhal symptoms have subsided and
recovery commences, cod-liver oil and iron materially assists
in hastening the process. The dose is a teaspoonful of the
former and five minims of the latter for a small dog, double
the quantity for a large one, twice a dav. The natural diet
to be gradually introduced as strength returns. I must not
omit to observe that it is highly important that the discharge
from the eyes and nose should be frequently and carefully
removed, especially from the former ; otherwise, ulceration of
the eyelids, conjunctiva, and even the eye itself, is apt to
take place, and not unfrequently results in total loss of vision.
A daily application of some mild astringent—as five grains of
alum to one ounce of water—will assist in preventing ulcer-
ation, by counteracting the relaxed condition of the mucous
membrane and secretory glands.
If, however, ulcers have already formed, warm fomenta-
tions with milk and water, the avoidance of glare (as the sym-
pathetic inflammation is often very great, and the parts pecu-
liarly sensitive to light), and the use of cither of the follow-
ing lotions, may with benefit be adopted :
t. Tinct. Myrrh Sim...........02 266-05: zo drops.
Sol. Alumeéniye.:sscacescelesces csnees I ounce.
Aqua Distil........... Pidieasnematea To ounces.
Or,
2. Zinc Sulph. or Plumbi Acetat-....-.. 1 scruple.
Agua Distileciacsecnaiscesien acevaes ro ounces,
Or,
3. Nitrate of Silver ..... 2.0....0..00.. 4 grains.
Aqua Distils:: wstyiels dove cmos I ounce.
The second and third forms are more applicable when
fungoid growths succeed the ulcerative process.
GENERAL DISEASES. 297
When the eyes remain weak after recovery from distemper,
with opacity of vision, a seton inserted at the back of the
ears, and daily smeared with stimulating ointment, is of great
benefit. The time for its removal is to be regulated accord-
ing to the condition of the eyes ; here the third form of lotion
is useful. Frequently small circular depressions present
themselves on the cornea, which, if neglected, assume an ul-
cerated condition, and extend to the anterior chamber of the
eye. In such cases I have found a little calomel daily blown
on the surface of the eye, attended with the greatest success.
I will now proceed to speak of distemper in some of its
more complicated forms. 2
It not unfrequently happens,. particularly in house pets,
whose diminutive bodies are foolishly and unnaturally clothed
in miniature horse apparel, from their susceptibility to cold,
or from not being observed in time, that the catarrhal symp-
toms increase suddenly in intensity, bronchitis sets in, and
pneumonia speedily supervenes. The hot, rapid, gasping
breath, and unmistakable mucous rattle of the former, with,
on auscultation, the rasping crepitating ré/ in the latter, the
sunken eye, jerking and increased heart-beats, haggard face,
dilated nostrils, and mouth drawn back at the angles, soon
inform the practical man where the mischief is located. ;
A seton, if not already inserted, should be placed imme-
diately in front of the. chest, and its action excited as quickly
as possible. Turpentine is the best agent for this purpose.
' Hot linseed-meal poultices, applied to the sides, are ex-
ceedingly beneficial. They should be covered by a handker-
chief brought under the girth, and tied over the back, but not
too tightly, so as to compress. the walls of the chest. These
should be repeatedly renewed, and followed, if the animal is
not relieved in six hours, by mustard plasters.
With regard to internal remedies, diffusible stimulants are
best adapted to such cases. I recommend the administra-
tion, to a small dog, of a teaspoonful of brandy and water
(equal parts of each), with two-four drops of chlorodyne,
298 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
every hour ; double the quantity for a full-sized terrier, treble
for a large dog.
' Beef-tea, mutton-broth, or milk in which plain biscuit or _
bread has been soaked and broken down, should be given
with a spoon, unless voluntarily taken, two or three times
during the day.
If there appears danger of suffocation, emetics may be
administered until vomiting is induced. The ipecacuanha
wine in some cases answers well—dose from fifteen to thirty
drops in a little warm water.
When the acute symptoms have subsided, which the breath-
ing becoming less labored and panting, the heart’s action
steadier, pulse less frequent and softer, and an occasional
deep-drawn sigh will denote, the brandy may be given at
longer intervals, the chlorodyne suspended, and the tincture
of iron substituted in five, ten, or fifteen drops, in proportion
to the size of the dog. The body must be kept warm, but
fresh air is throughout absolutely necessary ; therefore ample
ventilation, without draught, should be allowed. This is a
point on which I am most particular. Often and often again
have I found my little patient, through the mistaken kindness
of its fair owner, smothered in shawls before a hot fire, and
almost totally deprived of one of the great essentials to
recovery—the inhalation of fresh and cool air. As veterina-
rians, we are by this time all thoroughly aware of the import-
ance of this great principle in the treatment of catarrhal
diseases in the lower animals; and in proportion to that
knowledge, so has our success in treatment been greater ; so
that diseases of this type are now few and far between, where-
as they were once rife and fatal.
As the symptoms continue to abate, the nourishment of
the diet can be increased, and cod-liver oil may be given as
previously described.
When distemper becomes associated with jaundice, it is
inert! called the “yellows,” and treated by kennel-men
and quacks as a distinct disease ; though I need hardly say
GENERAL DISEASES, 299
that it is but the result of general derangement of the system,
consequent on improperly treated or neglected distemper.
The symptoms are a yellow tinge of the eyes, visible
mucous membranes, and thin parts of the integument—as
inside the thighs, forearms and ears, and that covering the
abdomen ; pain on pressure over the region of the liver, and
sometimes enlargement, with hardness; the faces pale and
hard, or soft and greenish, and mingled with mucus; the
urine high-colored, hot, and occasionally turbid.
The patient may or may not exhibit catarrhal symptoms
with jaundice. In distemper it most frequently follows the
former. ;
A mild dose of aloes and calomel is generally at first ad-
. visable, but in the administration of this we must be guided
by the other symptoms. If the catarrh is still present, or the
bowels irritable, aloes must certainly be avoided. - Five-grain
doses of hydrarg, cum creta may be given daily to a medium-
sized dog ; and if this is found to be unattended with benefit,
sulphurous acid—from three to ten drops in a little cold
water—may be tried, as it is frequently given with success.
The addition of quinine is often useful.
A mustard poultice applied over the region of the liver in
severe cases, affords considerable relief, and at the onset is
of especial service. ‘
The diet should be plain and light ; milk, with one-third
its quantity of lime water, is most suitable until an improve-
ment in the symptoms is observed.
When the disease extends to the bowels—which, in neg:
lected cases of distemper, or even in those most assiduously
attended, it frequently does—a violent form of diarrhcea or
dysentery sets in. The faeces are dark, streaked with blood,
and offensive ; the patient rapidly wastes, has a sickening
odor, and speedily dies, often under even the most energetic
and judicious treatment. A mild dose of oil (linseed or salad)
is generally at first advisable, and in three hours is best fol-
lowed up with antacids and astringents.
300 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG,
1. Sode Bicarb......... 1o grains
Catechu Pulv....----- IO 1 Pill or Powder.
Opii Pulv...........- 2 ;
2. Cupri Sulph....... gto 10 , ‘ Do
Opii Pulv.........--. 0 2 & s
3. Tannic Acid.........3 t05
Opii Pulv............- ary Do.
Zingid..+-. ese se eee Io,
In severe cases, the last prescription (No. 3) is the most
effectual. Should the purging continue, and symptoms of
pain be manifested, hot linseed-meal poultices applied to the
abdomen afford relief, and materially assist in checking
enteritis. Starch enemas are likewise serviceable.
The diet should consist of strong beef-tea, in which isinglass
or gum arabic has been dissolved in proportions to make it
sufficiently mucilaginous to shield the living membrane of
the stomach and intestines. .
With regard to the so-called “ distemper-fits,” it is almost
needless to remark that they are always a dangerous sign,
being seldom limited to one attack. Sometimes they appear as
the forerunner of distemper, but more frequently as an accom-
paniment, and when the patient is low and wasted.
Immediately symptoms of cerebral disturbance are observed,
a seton should be inserted in the occipital region, and action
excited as quickly as possible. Let the animal freely breathe
fresh air, and administer brandy and water ; and if diarrhoea
is still present, suspend the opium, but continue the antacids
and astringents, and give the brandy with beaten egg or other
mucilage. During the seizure, neat brandy may be rubbed’
on the gums, and ammonia applied to the nostrils. The food
should be nutritious, and all other means adopted which
are calculated to impart tone to the system.
In protracted cases of distemper, when the system, as it
were, has been taxed to the utmost, and the patient reduced
almost to the lowest ebb of existence, a cuticular eruption
GENERAL DISEASES. 301
makes its appearance. This generally, in the first instance,
assumes a pustular form, and these pustules in the course of
a few days break, and leave by their exudation a crust or
scab. Either the whole or a portion of the body only may
be involved. I have seen a dog literally naked, with the
exception of the head, ears, and feet.
This condition is not unfrequently mistaken by the would-
be “knowing ones ” for mange, and treated as such.*
There is, however,.no analogy between the two. The dis-
temper eruption and loss of coat is simply owing to suspen-
sion of the secretions necessary to the growth and support of
the hair ; or if not actual suspension of these secretions, then
from such an exceedingly low state of vitality of the surface
of the body, that life and health in the appendages of certain
parts cannot be maintained.
* T well remember a case in point which came under my own obser-
vation—the subject being a Skye terrier. The case, when first brought to
me, was one of distemper, associated with pneumonia (the animal being
thought consumptive); later on dysentery set in. Several times the ani-
mal was on the verge of death, and it was only by my persuasion that he
_ was allowed to continue under treatment. Ultimately he took a turn for
the better, and almost simultaneously the eruption described broke out ;
the stench emitted after it made its appearance was simply abominable.
In a few days every vestige of hair, with the exception of that on the head,
ears, and lower part of the legs, came off. He continued in this state for
several weeks, the skin being perfectly clean and whole, but very glazed.
In every other respect he improved daily, and gained flesh. The owner
and another gentleman maintained that the dog had contracted mange;
nor could I convince them to the contrary. In vain I argued the difference
of symptoms, and that as the system gained tone so would the patient re~
gain his coat. But no: the dog was removed, and placed out to nurse in
the hands of a dog- srreaker—he also being of opinion it was mange; and:
this worthy individual, according to his own account, brought away that
which the patient never in my possession possessed—a hat/ul of worms.
Some time afterwards I met the gentleman to whom the animal belonged,
and was asked if I recognized the dog he had with him. Certainly, as my
old patient, which he proved to be, I did not ; for he was clothed in an en-
tirely new coat, and of an entirely different color—dark, nearly. black,
stubbly hair having taken the place of the original silver-grey—the result,
in all probability, of the dressing applied to the sensitive and weak skin.
In this instance the breaker claimed the cure which nature had wrought.
302 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
Occasionally this eruptive stage is the forerunner of a return
to health, but much more frequently it is the precursor of a
fatal issue.
' At this period of the disease, tonics are especially indicated,
and every thing in the shape of diet, exercise, cleanliness, etc.,
calculated to promote vigor. .
When chorea or paralysis co-exist with distemper, remedies
specially adapted to either must be used in addition to, or in
conjunction’ with, the distemper treatment. Strychnia or
nux vomica is undoubtedly the most effectual restorative
agent in such cases.
It would be superfluous on my part, so far as scientific
persons are concerned, were I to hint at the care required in
the adminstration of this drug. I will merely observe, for
the benefit of non-professional persons, that cases have fallen
under my notice in which death had resulted from irregularity
in the time of giving such medicine, and more particularly
where the dose had been for some time gradually increased
until it had reached more than treble the primary quantity.
Forgotten for some hours, or it may be a day, and then given
perhaps fasting, a fatal issue is. pretty nearly certain to
follow.
When there is any difficulty in administering the medicine
in the form of pills, the liquor strychnia may be conveniently
substituted. .
‘Local remedies in chorea and paralysis are often very
beneficial. I have found setons exceedingly valuable. If
the convulsive movements of the former, or the numbness of
the latter, are confined to the hind parts, the seton requires
inserting across the loins ; if general, at the back of the head
and across the loins. Counter-irritation along the spine is
also serviceable, and galvanism is occasionally useful.
Though, in principle, the hot bath, from its relaxing prop-
erties, may appear wrong, it is nevertheless, in chorea,
sometimes attended with good results. It certainly affords
relief when the convulsive twitchings are excessive, and so
GENERAL DISEASES. 303
far I have observed no after evil from its use. I should not
advise its adoption when distemper also existed. Quietude,
except when the patient is necessarily disturbed, is very essen-
tial ; and attention to the bed being dry, and the excretions
regular, are also matters of importance in chorea and paralytic
affections.
When abatement of the twitchings, with returning strength,
is observed, a favorable issue may be expected; but it is
advisable not to discontinue the medicine so long as any
nervous complication remains ; afterwards it should be grad-
ually, not suddenly, suspended.
As soon as the patient is able to walk, a short exercise
each day may be given with benefit. The fresh air acts as a
tonic, new scenery and objects divert the mind, while exer-
cise encourages the natural habits and functions of the ani-
mal.
Tincture of iron and cod-liver oil are advisable after the
disuse of the strychnia, until recovery is complete. The
diet throughout should be nourishing and digestible, and
forcibly administered if the patient refuses to take it. Con-
stipation, which is frequently present in chorea and paralysis,
is best relieved by enemas.
With regard to preventive measures for distemper, I have
only to observe that due attention to hygienics is the only and
best preventive. Vaccination has been extolled and con-
demned—condemned justly, inasmuch as there is not a shadow
of analogy between canine distemper and small-pox. The
introduction of equine lymph has also been tried, and in like
manner extolled, but where again is the resemblance between
the disease known as “grease ” in the horse, from which the
lymph is supplied, and canine distemper? There is not the
least similarity in the character of one and the other. Good
management, the dog not being brought in contact with the
infective agents, or it may possibly be from possessing a
degree of insusceptibility that the malady is not easily con-
tracted—has far more to do with immunity from distemper
304 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
than the imaginary power of vaccination, be the lymph what
it may.
Lately, efforts have been made, though unsuccessfully, to
establish an identity between distemper and human typhoid
fever: for,’as Professor Axe pertinently remarks, “Did dis-
temper in the dog possess the property of communicating
typhoid fever to man, it is difficult to understand how myself
and others have so long escaped infection. During the past
twelve years I have examined large numbers of distempered
dogs immediately after death, and thus exposed myself to the
emanations from every secretion and excretion of the body ;
but in nocase have I suffered the least constitutional disturb-
ance. ‘This illustration, it may be argued, is worthless in it-
self, and is capable of explanation on the ground of insus-
ceptibility ; but the same remarks sppiy to scores of others
who have been exposed from time to time in a similar man-
ner.” In regard to the propagation of the typhoid contagium,
Dr. Budd says: “If the poison from which typhoid fever
springs were capable of being bred elsewhere than in the hu-
man body, it would surely be in the bodies of animals which
are made of flesh and blood like ourselves, and from whose
substance we draw sustenance for our own. And yet it ap-
pears to be almost certain that this is not the case. In the
most virulent outbreaks of typhoid fever, there is no evidence
that the domestic animals which gather round the fever-
strickens dwellings ever take the disease. At Cheffcombe,
' while nearly all the human inmates of the infected homestead
were laid low by the poison, the dogs and cats which belonged
to the house, and the poultry, pigs, horses, and cattle which
thronged the yard, continued to enjoy perfect health. Vet
the pond from which the latter drank was being continually
polluted by a drain which received the whole bulk of the
intestinal discharges from the fever patients!* ‘The state-
ment of ‘H. H.’ that the symptoms of distemper in the dog
and typhoid fever in man are ‘alike,’ is true only so far as
* This is strong evidence : sufficiently so to be conclusive.—J. W. H.
GENERAL DISEASES, i 305
refers to the febrile state. The specific phenomena of the
latter most surely find no counterpart in the symptomatology
of the farmer. It is only in the continued type of the fever
that any identity can really be said to exist. If we examine
the main features of the two affections, we find at once a
broad and unmistakable difference in their clinical and patho-
logical equivalents.
“Typhoid fever is an eruptive disease. Its course and
duration are definite, and the lesions resulting from the fever
process are localized and specific. In distemper of the dog
not one of these essential characters can be applied. The
pathological changes of the latter have no specific form or
seat. Universal congestion more or less intense, local inflam-
mation, blood extravasations, and serous exudation of varying
extent, constitute the principal post-mortem phenomena.” *
DROPSY.
Dogs, especially old ones, frequently, and from constitu-
tional disease, become what is termed “ dropsical,” t.2., a se-
rous exudation takes place in some portion of the organism.
The usual forms met with in canine practice are, hydrothorax,
viz., when the exudation is within the cavity of the chest ; Ay-
drops-pericardium, when within the pericardial sac or membrane
covering the heart ; 4ydro-metra, when within the uterus ;
hydrocephalus, when within the head ; asczes, when within the
peritoneal sac or abdomen ; avzasarca, when within the areo-
lar tissue of the body generally.
I shall here commence with the form known as ascites,
placing the others in their respective classes.
Ascites, or abdominal dropsy, may be the result of in-
flammatory action or of chronic disease of the circulating
system ; hence it is either active or passive.
The active form is usually met with in young dogs, and is
* From the “ Veterinarian,” Feb. 1867.
20 ’ :
306 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
caused by exposure to. damp and cold, especially after being.
heated. The natural exhalation from the skin being sud-
denly checked, the water is retained in the bloodvessels, and ~
seeks an outpour elsewhere, and this either takes place in the
areolar tissue—producing anasarca, or in some of the serous
cavities of the body, frequently the peritoneal, and giving
rise to ascites.
The analogy with human dropsy being very close, a brief
extract from Sir Thos. Watson’s instructive lecture on this
subject will not be out of place. ‘“ Tocomprehend this rapid
change from a state of health to a state of dangerous disease,
we must again have recourse to the findings of physiology.
“ Besides the constant exhalation which takes place from
the inner faces of the shut serous cavities, a large amount ot
watery fluid is continually thrown out of the system, by all
those services that communicate with the air by the skin,
the lungs, the bowels, the kidneys.
“Now it is well ascertained that when the excretion of
aqueous fluid of one such surface is checked, the exhalation
from some other surface becomes more copious.
“Tt is probable that the aggregate quantity of water thus
expelled from the system in a given time, cannot vary much,
in either direction, without deranging the whole economy.
But we are sure that the amount furnished by any excreting
surface may vary and oscillate within certain limits consist-
ent with health, provided that the defect or excess be com-
pensated by an increase or diminution of the ordinary
expenditure of watery liquid through some other channel.
Sound health admits and requires this shifting and counter-
poise of work between the organs destined to remove aqueous
fluid from the body. This supplemental or compensating
relation is more conspicuous in regard to some parts than to
others. The reciprocal but inverse accommodation of func-
tion that subsists between the skin and the kidneys affords
the strongest and the most familiar example.
“Tn the warm weather of summer, when the perspiration
GENERAL DISEASES. 3°7
is abundant, the urine is proportionately concentrated and
scanty. On the other hand, during winter, when the cuta-
neous transpiration is checked by the agency.-of external
cold, the flow of dilute water from the kidneys in strikingly
augmented. * All this is well known to be compatible with
the maintenance.of the most perfect health. But supposing
the exhalation from one of these surfaces to be much dimin-
ished, or to cease, without a corresponding increase of func-
tion in the exterior, then dropsy, in some form or degree, is
very apt to arise. The aqueous liquid thus detained in the
bloodvessels seeks, and at length finds, some unnatural and
inward vent, 4nd is poured forth into the areolar tissue, or
into the cavities bounded by the serous membranes.
“Tf water be injected, in some quantity, into the blood-
vessels of a living animal, the animal soon perishes—dying
generally by coma, or by suffocation ; and when the carcase
is examined the lungs are found to be charged with serous
liquid ; or water is discovered in the areolar tissue of some
other part, or in the shut serous membrane. If, however,
the animal be first bled and then a quantity of water injected -
equal to the quantity of blood abstracted, the injection is
followed by no serious consequences. :
“Pacts like these throw, as it seems to me, a strong light
on a confessedly obscure part of pathology. It appears that
und :r various circumstances the bloodvessels may receive a
considerable and unwonted accession of watery fluid, and that
they are very prone to get rid of the redundance. When
they empty themselves through some free surface, their pre-
ternatural distension is relieved by a flux. If, on the other
hand, the surface be that of a shut sac, in discharging their
superfluity they cause a dropsy. Why sometimes this organ,
and sometimes that, is selected as the channel by which the
superabundant water shall be thrown out of the vessels, we
can seldom tell.”
Chronic or Passive Ascites is more commonly seen in old
* This is especially noticeable after bathing.
308 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
dogs, and is usually associated with some old-standing dis-
ease, either connected with the heart or large venous trunks,
in which some obstruction to the proper return of blood is
present, often originating in some morbid condition of the
liver, spleen, lungs, or kidneys. In the dog itis mever the
result of chronic peritoneal inflammation.
“ Active and passive dropsy,”” Watson observes, “ resem-
ble each other in the result; namely, in the collection of
serous liquid in the circumscribed cavities ‘and vacuities of
the body. They differ in the rate at which the collection
augments.
“Tn the well-marked acute dropsies, the liquid is rapidly
effused in quantity much beyond the natural amount of ex-
halation. In the well-marked passive dropsies the exhalation
goes on as usual, but the fluid exhaled is not taken back again
into the circulating vessels with sufficient facility. In one
case the circulation is disturbed and tumultuous ; in the other
it remains tranquil.
“ Although all dropsical transudations probably take place
through the walls of the capillary vessels, there ‘would seem
to be, in the more acute forms of dropsy, an increased flow of
blood in the arterial channels ; while in the completely chron-
ic forms there is a defect of absorption by the veins. Active
dropsies are sometimes spoken of as belonging to the left side
of the heart, passive dropsies to the right.
“What connects all these forms of dropsy is a preter-
natural fulness in some part, or the whole of the hydraulic
machine, And this seems to be the grand key to the entire
pathology, as well as to the remedial management, of the dis-
ease.”, |
Symptoms.—The first symptom generally observed is an
enlargement of the abdomen, but as this may arise from,
causes other than ascites—to wit, pregnancy tumors, obesity
or ovarian dropsy—it is necessary to obtain, by examination,
more confirmatory evidence. The above-mentioned writer
remarks :
GENERAL DISEASES. 399
“Tn ascites the enlargement is uniform and symmetrical,
in respect of the two sides of the body. When the patient
lies on her back the flanks bulge outwards, or sway over
from the weight and lateral pressure of the augmenting fluid.
This increased dreadth of the trunk is not observable in the
case of an ovarian tumor ; nor, I may add, in pregnancy.”
Blaine says: “ Dropsy of the belly may be distinguished
from fat, by the particular tumor that the belly forms, which,
in dropsy, hangs down, while the backbone sticks up, and the
hips appear prominent through the skin ; the hair stares also,
and the coat is peculiarly harsh. It may be distinguished
from being in pup by the teats, which always enlarge as the
belly enlarges in pregnancy ; but more particularly it may be
distinguished by the undulation of the water in the belly,
whereas in pregnancy there is no undulation. The impreg-
nated belly, however full, has not that tight tense feel nor
shining appearance observed in dropsy. There may be also
inequalities distinguished in it, which are the puppies, and,
when pregnancy is at all advanced, the young may be felt to
move. The most unequivocal mode, however, of detecting
the presence of water is by the touch. If the right hand is
laid on one side of the belly, and with the left hand the
other side is tapped, and undulating motion will be per-
ceived, exactly similar to what would be felt by placing —
one hand on a bladder of water, and striking it with the
‘ other.”
“Youatt observes: “The dog is peculiarly subject to
ascites or dropsy of the belly, and the quantity of fluid contained
in the abdomen is sometimes almost incredible. It is usually
accompanied or characterized by a weak, unequal, small, and
frequent pulse—paleness of the lips, tongue and gums—-
flaccidity of the muscles, hurried breathing on the least exer-
tion, feebleness of the joints, swellings of the lower limbs,
effusion of fluid into the integuments, or among the muscles,
before there is any considerable effusion into the thorax or the
abdomen, and an unhealthy appearance of the cutaneous
310 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
surface. The urine seldom coagulates. This form of dropsy
is usually seated on the abdomen or cellular tissue.”
In addition to this principal, and what may be termed
abdominal symptom, there is loss of appetite and spirits, dry-
ness of the nose, thirst, constipation, scanty urine, quick
feeble pulse, and increased respiration, the latter chiefly tho-
racic. As the accumulation increases the breathing becomes
more difficult. The poor animal, to avoid suffocation by
pressure of the fluid on the breathing space, either assumes a
continual standing position, sits on its haunches, or lies on
its side. The enemy, however, continues to advance, and
suffocation terminates the case. Towards the latter stage,
infiltration into the areolar tissue usually takes place (an-
asarca),
Treatment.—The treatment of ascites is far from satisfac-
-tory. Bleeding, as advocated by some, for the purpose of
unloading the veins, in which the circulation is impeded and ~
the vessels thereby congested, from compression by the
dropsy, is rarely admissible in so lowering a disease : where it
is practised, the administration of a stimulant should imme-
diately follow.
Tapping is of little use in the lower animals, and is only
warranted in extreme cases. The secretion is more rapidly
renewed after the operation, and a second withdrawal may be,
but a third is rarely allowed by Nature.
Ihave far greater faith in medicinal agents, and recom-
mend diuretics alternately with mineral tonics.
Iodine, as advocated by Mr. Youatt, may be tried, and in
some cases, for a time, is apparently beneficial ; but when
given for a long period, it is apt to produce atrophy of the
glands and considerable constitutional debility. To avoid
this, itis better combined with iron, and when any such avi
toms occur it should be withheld.
The food should be of the most nourishing kind, and every
other measure adopted which is calculated to strengthen the
system, and prevent a return of the malady.
GENERAL DISEASES. Sit
LEUKAMIA.,
Lukemia, or Leucocythemia, is a term used to denote
“ white-cell blood,” or white blood. Itis a condition in which
there is a preponderance or increase in the number of these
bodies in the blood; and is usually associated in the human
being with diseases of the spleen, liver, and lymphatic
glands.
In the “ Veterinary Journal ” for July, 1875, the following
instance in the canine subject is recorded :
“ Mastronardi Innorenza, of the Naples Veterinary School,
in the ‘Giornale delle razze degli animali utili e di Medicina
Veterinaria,’ after giving some general indications as to the
nature, etc., of leukzemia, describes an instance of this disease
in adog. The symptoms were those of combined lienal and
lymphatic leukemia. The animal died. Innorenza was in-
clined to attribute the development of the malady to the al-
zerations due to the disease of young dogs commonly known
s ‘distemper,’ the manifestations of which had preceded
hose of leukemia in this case.” *
ANAEMIA.
Badly cared for dogs, and especially those of weakly con-
stitution, are, like human beings, subject to poverty or de-
ficiency in the quality of blood. In other words, they become
anemic. Puppies are more likely to be so affected than
adult animals, and this is due to the method of rearing, or, at
all events, to neglect in avoiding causes which I shall men-
tion as giving rise to this condition of the circulation.
' Over-crowding, defective ventilation, stinted light, bad
drainage, innutritious food, are each productive of anzemia.
Observe the pallid countenance and languid step of the indi-
*« Leuksemia sin the Dog,” by ipnereneals “Annales de. Méd.
Vétérinaire.”
. Z .
312 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
vidual who is confined in a crowded ill-ventilated workshop
throughout the day, as contrasted with one whose occupation
gives him every chance of imbibing pure, or, at any rate, fresh
air, and you have a true and daily illustration of the effect of
these sanitary arrangements, which may be with equal force
applied to the canine race.
Indeed, fresh air and light are as essential to dogs, for the
formation of good blood, as to man. Air must, to maintain
health, de renewed, not re-used. It is the oxygen which gives
color to the blood. Stint the supply of this necessary ele-
ment, and though-externally not so perceptible in dogs, you
withdraw the coloring matter, and obtain the same pallid
condition. Again, good nutritious food is just as necessary
for the production of pure blood and healthy muscle. We
may as well try to build a strong substantial house out of bad
materials, as expect that blood derived from such a source,
and under the circumstances enumerated, will make sound
strong muscle.
Symptoms.—Anemic animals generally exhibit consider-
able muscular prostration, with depression of spirits ; the mu-
cuous mernbranes are pallid, particularly on the gums and
inside the lips, the tongue is also unusually white and dry, the
extremities are cold, and the limbs‘not unfrequently swollen,
and the secretions and excretions scanty.
M. D’Arbor relates the following cases :
“ Two dogs were sent into the hospital of the Veterinary
School at Lyons. They did not appear to suffer any consid-
erable pain. Their skin and the mucous membranes that
were visible had a peculiar appearance. They had also com-
paratively little power over their limbs: so little, indeed, that
they rested continually on one side, without the ability to
change their posture. When they were placed on their feet
their limbs gave way, and they fell the moment they were
quitted. Notwithstanding the care that was taken of them,
they died on the second day.
“Incisions were made through the skin, but in opening
GENERAL DISEASES. : 313
them no blood flowed. The venz cave themselves did not
contain any—there were only two clots of blood in the cavi-
ties of their hearts. One of them, of the size of a small nut-
meg, occupied the left ventricle; the other, which was still
smaller, was found at the base of the right ventricle. The
chest of one of them contained a small quantity of serosity ;
a similar fluid was between the dura mater and the arachnoid
membrane, and the same was the case in the larger ventricles
of the encephalon. The other viscera did not offer any thing
remarkable, except the paleness and flaccidity of their tissue.
The great fatigues of the chase, and the immersion of these
animals in water at the time when they were very much
heated, appeared to have been the cause of this singular dis-
ease. In the ‘Report of the Clinique of the School of Alfort,’
in the year 1825, the same anzemia was remarked in two dogs
that died there ; one of them had lately undergone a consid-
erable hemorrhage, and in the other anemia had developed
itself spontaneously.
“Tt is, in fact, among dogs that this extreme anzmia has
been principally observed, and it is ordinarily fatal.
“This disease, according to’ M. Vatel, is generally the
symptom of a chronic malady, or the instantaneous effect of an
excessive hemorrhage. It is rarely primary. The extreme
discoloration of the tissues, and of the mucous membrane
more particularly ; the disappearance of the subcutaneous
bloodvessels; and the great feebleness or the animal, are
the principal symptoms. There also often exists considerable
swelling of the limbs.”*
Treatment—This, in the first instance, should consist in
removing the cause ; and secondly, in assisting nature to re-
store the deficiency in the color and quality of the blood by
those agents which form the necessary constituents of healthy
blood. For the former, a nutritious diet, with a free allowance
of fresh air, sunlight, and exercise, should be ordered. Veg-
etable and mineral tonics, especially the preparations of iron,
* Youatt on “ The Dog.”
314 - THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
and if there be much emaciation, cod-liver oil, should be pre-
scribed for the latter. Salt-water baths are also beneficial.
MARASMUS.
This condition is frequently dependent on mesenteric
disease. The term marasmus is used to signify leanness or
emaciation.. Dogs apparently healthy in themselves, 2.2. so
far as feeding well, performing their duties, etc., are con-
cerned, nevertheless do not thrive, or, to use a common ex-
pression, they are “out of condition.” Wence the frequent
inquiry addressed to the canine surgeon is, “Can you give
me something to get my dogs into condition ?” This leanness,
however, is not necessarily a result of disease; in many
animals it is a natural and hereditary condition. In others
it may result from neglect of hygiene.
Symptoms.—Such animals have usually, large appetites,
and an unkind and unthrifty appearance. The bowels are
generally constipated, and attacks of colic are not unfre-
quent. :
When it proceeds from mesentric disease the abdomen is
pendulous and large, the coat is particularly harsh and dry,
the mucous membranes are pale, the eyes watery, and the nose
often dry and hot ; the appetite is not so extreme as the thirst,
the faeces are offensive, and the bowels are either relaxed or
costive, and the excretions coated with mucus. In the later
the pulse is weak and accelerated, and the animal exhibits
considerable indisposition for exertion ; the thirst increases
and the bowels are continually. relaxed. .
Treatment.—Fresh air, daily exercise, nourishing food, and
in the case of disease, cod-liver oil, and the preparations of
iron, are the measures chiefly indicated.
GENERAL DISEASES. 315
PLETHORA.
Dogs highly fed and allowed but little exercise, are those
generally subject to excess of blood, or what is generally
termed full habit of body (plethoric). Fits frequently occur
from this condition, and are more particularly induced by the
injudicious adoption of rapid or violent exercise after long
confinement. ope
Symptoms.— A general, full, bloated appearance of the
body, mucous membranes injected, redness and heat of the
skin. The pulse is usually full and bounding; bowels
frequently constipated ; drowsiness and indisposition to ex-
ertion. ;
Treatment.—Depletion by: medicinal agents, as occasional
aperients. Reduction in the quantity of food and its feeding
qualities. Regular exercise.
OBESITY.
Dogs, and some breeds moreso than others, under certain
circumstances become inordinately fat, in other words
obese. The immense accumulation of adipose tissue undoubt-
edly constitutes disease. At all events, such a condition is
abnormal. Fat takes the place of muscle; hence what is
termed fatty degeneration is.a disease of serious import when
occurring in vital organs. Some parts of the body are more
prone to depositions of fat than others—such as around the
kidneys, within the mesentery, and the heart, the latter being
frequently a cause of sudden death.
Close confinement, and injudicious and excessive feeding,
are among the causes of obesity. Some animals, as I have
observed, are more predisposed: to fatten than others, and
among this class may be mentioned spaniels, pugs, and a few
of the long-haired toy dogs. The first-named appear to in-
316 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
crease in obesity with their years: no matter how plain the
food, fat is accumulated, and with it they become lazy, use-
less (so far as accompanying the sportsman is concerned) and
unsightly.
Treatment.—This consists in avoiding, as much as possible
those causes which predispose or give rise to obesity. The
food should be less fattening, and more sparingly given.
Daily and somewhat vigorous exercise should be allowed.
Where the deposition has a tendency to increase in spite of
these observances, small doses of iodine may be given with
benefit, along with an occasional aperient.
RHEUMATISM.
Dogs are frequently affected with this “human misery.”
It may locate itself in the joints (articular rheumatism) or in
the muscles, chiefly their tendinous portions, producing lum-
bago and “chest-founder.”
Causes.—Rheumatism chiefly arises from exposure to
damp and cold; hence its frequency in kennel dogs, and
during those seasons of the year when the causes named pre-
vail—spring and autumn. .
The disease assumes an acufe and a chronic form. An
attack of the former frequently terminates in the latter, which
may remain through life, and become increased in severity
with changes of temperature ; or, if the former disappears
without degenerating into the latter, periodical returns of it
very often occur. As in human beings, valvular disease of
the heart is one of the serious complications of rheumatism
which generally, sooner or later, causes the death of the
animal,
Acute rheumatism has been conjectured to depend upon
the presence of lactic acid in the blood.*
* “The acid properties of the perspiration, as manifested even by its
peculiar smell—of the saliva, as tested by litmus paper—of the urine, as
GENERAL DISEASES. 317
Symptoms.—In acute articular rheumatism, the affected
joints are hot, inflamed, painful, and swollen. This condition
is not unfrequently mistaken for rickets, and when treated as
such, it scarcely need be added that great harm is done to
the patient. :
The animal moves about with extreme difficulty, uttering
sharp yelping cries, expressive of the torture the movements
create. 2
Considerable constitutional disturbance is usually mani-
fested ; the pulse is rapid and jerking, the respiration in-
creased, the breath fcetid, and the tongue loaded with fur.
Constipation is generally present, and the urine is scanty and
turbid.
As in the human subject, a remarkable feature of the dis-
ease is its tendency to move from place to place—a joint |
suddenly becomes affected, and as suddenly the disease may
leave it (or continue there), and appear with the same short’
notice in another part ; and so it goes on,-mystifying those
persons unacquainted with the nature of the complaint. -
shown by its deposits, warrant the hypothesis that the poison which the
whole disorder would seem to be an effort to discharge from the blood, is
some sort of acid. Dr. Prout conjectured that the phenomena of acute
rheumatism might depend upon the presence in the blood of Jactic acid;
and some very remarkable experiments made by Dr. Richardson lend
weight and likelihood to this conjecture. Into the peritoneum of a healthy
cat he introduced a solution of lactic acid in water. In two hours the ac-
tion of the cat’s heart became irregular. The next morning the animal
was found dead. There was no peritoneal inflammation, but marked en-
docarditis in the left chambers of the heart. The mitral valve was in-
flamed and thickened, and covered on its free borders with firm, fibrinous
deposits. The whole inner surface of the ventricle was highly vascular.
A dog, on which a similar experiment was tried, died in two days. Un-
equivocal evidence of endocarditis was disclosed upon examination of the
heart. The tricuspid valve was swollen to twice its ordinary size. The
aortic valves, inflamed and enlarged, presented fibrinous beads along
their edges; and the entire endocardial surface was red. The pericar-
dium was simply dry. There was, however, no affection of the joints.”—
“ Watson’s Lectures on the Principles and Practice of Physic,” vol. ii. p.
810.
318 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
In lumbago, the animal walks with its back arched, and
with a dragging paralytic gait, pressure or manipulation about
the loins causes intense pain, there is great disinclination to
move, the bowels are obstinately constipated, and the urine is
high colored, scanty, and turbid.
Chest-founder, or kennel-lameness, is indicated by stiff-
ness and pain in the shoulders, the animal has difficulty in
extending its fore-legs, and when going downhill exhibits
much the same appearance as a horse with navicular disease
or laminitis. If the limbs are extended outwards, or laterally,
excruciating pain is caused.
In both the latter forms considerable fever is present.
Youatt observes, “This chest-founder is a singular com-
plaint, and often a pest in kennels that are built in low situa-
. tions, and where bad management prevails ; where the hunts-
men or whippers-in are too often in a hurry to get home, and
turn their dogs into the kennel panting and hot ; where the
beds are not far enough from the floor, or the building, if it
should be in a sufficiently elevated situation, has yet a north-
ern aspect, and is unsheltered from the blast, chest-founder
prevails ; and I have known half the pack affected by it after
a severe run, the scent breast-high, and the morning unusually
cold.”
Treatment.—lf shenmaaten’ is due to the presence of lactic
acid, alkaline agents would appear to be those indicated in
the treatmént of the disease, and in the majority of cases
under my own care I have found their use attended with
marked benefit. The nitrate of potass, 10 to 15 grains, and
bicarbonate of soda, 20 to 30 grains, in proportion to the size
of the dog, should be given in a spoonful or two of water
twice or three times a day.
* A fixed rule of treatment, however, cannot be laid down
for every case of rheumatism: some cases from time to time’
occur which will not yield to alkalies alone ; the addition of
colchicum, 2 to 5 grains, is in such instances frequently of
great survice. Mercury—recommended by some authorities
GENERAL DISEASES. 319
—is, in my opinion, not a desirable agent, for not only is its
use attended with susceptibility to cold in the animal it is ad-
ministered to, and which in rheumatic affections should
especially be avoided, but by its depressing and _salivatory
effects, hinders the removal of a complaint which requires a
very opposite treatment. The preparations of iodine are
more suitable to chronic and articular cases. ;
At the onset it is advisable to clear the bowels: for this
purpose saline aperients are most suitable.
With regard to local applications, warm fomentations,
which may be rendered alkaline or sedative, are in severe
cases (particuiarly of articular rheumatism) serviceable. ~
The patient should throughout be kept warm and dry, and
a non-stimulating diet allowed.. Milk and lime-water should
form the chief portion of the latter during the earlier period of
the attack.
Chronic rheumatism is milder. in its character than the
acute form, more stationary, and less painful. An animal so
affected moves stiffly, but apparently with no great suffering.
Where it is articular the joints become hard, lumpy, and very
much deformed.
In various changes of weather, particularly when easterly
winds or wet prevails, these enlargements become hot and
tender, and the animal’s symptoms resemble more those of
acute rheumatism. :
Treatment-—The carbonate of ammonia and iodide of
potassium are, perhaps, the most serviceable agents in chronic
rheumatism : -3 to 5 grains of the former, 1 to 2 scruples of
the latter, twice to thrice daily. |
The affected parts should be stimulated with repeated
hand-rubbings, or embrocations containing turpentine and
ammonia. Warm baths are-also very beneficial, but care
should be taken that the animal is thoroughly dried, and
placed in a warm and dry position afterwards.
I have already alluded to valvular disease of the heart as
one of the complications of rheumatism. In such instances
320 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
little can be done beyond avoiding excitement, applying
counter-irritation to the left side, and reducing by medicinal
agents the excessive action of the heart——See “ Heart Dis-
eases.”
RICKETS (Racuirtis).
One of the most troublesome affections to which young
dogs are subject, is the one termed “ tickets.” The larger
species, and especially those highly bred, are chiefly liable to
this affection, but it is by no means so common in canine:
pathology as many persons are led to believe. All bandy or
crooked-legged whelps are not rickety, any more than are
children similarly deformed from premature walking or care-
less nursing. ;
Rickets depends on, or consists in, a vitiated or abnormal
SS
CRIMEA!
_ SE!
=
Docs witu RickeTs. SKETCHED FROM LIFE.
condition of bone structure—in other words, defective’ nutri-
tion ; there is a deficiency of earthy matter and a prepon-
derance of animal matter, and the bones from this cause
\
GENERAL DISEASES. 321
being soft, muscular action and weight bring about the various
deformities met with in this disease. The morbid unhealthy
state of system created by inter-breeding, has a strong in-
fluence-in the production of a rachitic diathesis. The bones
of the limbs, the fore ones, more particularly, are those gene-
rally distorted. The facial bones are not unfrequeéntly very
prominent or bulging, giving the countenance a swollen ap-
pearance. The loins are generally narrow, the hocks bent
in and enlarged, giving the hind-parts an undeveloped or
wasted look (Fig. 32). The coat is staring and harsh, the
mucous membranes are pallid, the sclerotic of the eye being
particularly white, and the animal, taking it altogether, is an
unthrifty, stunted, miserable-looking object.
I have mentioned inter-breeding as influential in the pro-.
duction of rickets, and in addition, or independent of this
evil, may be named bad food, impure air, close confinement,
and overfeeding — especially with matter deficient in bone-
making properties—or insufficient food. Remove, however,
all these predisposing causes, allow good food and plentiful,
fresh air and cleanliness, du¢ deny exercise, and the result,
Zé, s0 far as the deformity of limbs are concerned, will be
. precisely the same—not from any deficiency in the structural
proportion of bone, but from neglecting rules necessary for
symmetrical and proportionate growth. Animals so circum-
stanced are like unpruned trees, the trunk is being fed and
the branches allowed to grow as they may. The inclination
of heavily-framed puppies to lie down, if not at liberty, is
well known, and this is especially the case with mastiffs. The
consequence is-that the body becomes too heavy for the limbs
to support ; the latter, the bones of which it must be remem-
bered are not at this age set, give way under the superin-
cumbent weight, knuckle over or bend outwards ; and it is
this condition, arising from the circumstances named, which
is frequently mistaken by breeders and rearers of dogs for
rickets.
Rickets in the human subject involves bones other than
21
322 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG,
those supporting weight, hence general deformity. This is
rarely or ever the case with dogs (excepting, as mentioned,
in the facial bones), more particularly as regards the ribs and
spinal column ; therefore it may be taken as a general rule,
that canine rickets, when it does exist, only does so ina
partial form. The position of the body probably exercises a
considerable influence in this respect, the same weight on the
spinal column being not brought to bear as in the erect posi-
tion of the human being.
Treatment.—This chiefly consists in avoiding those causes
which I have enumerated as giving rise to the malady. When
the disease is established, then it will be necessary to adopt,
in conjunction with hygienics, medical treatment ; bearing in
mind that defective nutrition is the original cause, it behoves
us to remedy, as far.as lies in our power, the existing evil.
We have seen that the bones are deficient in earthy materials ;
our object should therefore be to supply what is required.
Mineral tonics are especially indicated. Bonefilings, pulver-
ized egg-shells, or lime-water mixed with good oatmeal por-
ridge, are exceedingly beneficial. Cod-liver oil is also a
useful adjunct ; while daily and, if need be compulsory exer-
cise is absolutely necessary.
It is almost needless to observe that dogs of a rachitic dia-
thesis should not be used for bieeding purposes.
SCROFULA.
Scrofula is a disease of common occurrence among the
lower animals, and the canine race forms no exception to the
fact.
As with human beings, so with the dog; it is usually met
with in early life, and is traceable to those causes which give
rise to it in our own species—such as near relationship in
breeding and certain morbid conditions of one or both
parents,
GENERAL DISEASES. 323
Among the predisposing causes may be named insuffi-
cient and improper food, sa de air, exposure to wet and
cold.
Symptoms.— Animals, ick so affected, are usually un-
thrifty and delicate ; the coat is dry and harsh, the abdomen
full and pecidilons; 3 the eyes are watery, the conjuctiva
injected, and frequently mucus is deposited in the corner ;
the lymphatic glands are large and easily felt ; very often
the skull (especially the front portion) is unusually large.
This latter is more particularly noticeable in puppyhood, and
gives the idea, not unfrequently a correct one, of water on
the brain.
Scrofula, when once localized, may remain latent fora
long period, gradually and manifestly developed. In an
hereditary diathesis, it usually exhibits itself shortly before
the animal arrives at maturity, or, as in the human subject,
remains through life iz statu guo, to become developed and
distinctly marked in the offspring.
Treatment.—I need scarcely observe that the treatment of
scrofula in the dog is of far less importance than are pre-
ventive measures. When treatment is adopted, it should be
merely for humanity’s sake, and never for the purpose of
maintaining life in order to perpetuate the breed. <A
tainted strain of this description is neither a credit to the
breeder, nor beneficial to the canine race.
The treatment is both local and constitutional. The for-
mer consists in cold baths and friction, and keeping the skin
dry and warm. Cleanliness is of great importance. Animals
that are allowed to live in filth, and remain unwashed, un-
combed or brushed, under such circumstances are exposed to
the development of strumous affections. It has been wrongly
supposed that the dog does not perspire, hence perhaps ane
reason for negligence in attention to his body, externally. He
not only perspires, but does so freely, and the arrest of such
perspiration, from uncleanliness, cutaneous disease, and the
like, creates serious functional derangement (from te-absorp-
324 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
tion of matters which are prevented from escaping by their
natural outlet) internally, and lay the foundation for disease
of a strumous character, in addition to other disorders.
With regard to constitutional treatment, iodine, iron, bark,
and cod-liver oil are the agents most to be relied upon. The
first-named drug may also be used externally, in cases pre-
senting enlarged glands or chronic abscess.
The diet should be liberal and nutritious. Daily exercise,
and every thing calculated to invigorate the system should be .
adopted.
Messrs. Gowing and Son record the following case of
“ Scrofula in a Puppy.”
The morbid parts forwarded are from a bull puppy be-
tween two and three months old. He was brought to me on
the oth instant, much emaciated and wasted, and from the
distended, pendulous condition of the abdomen, he was appa-
rently suffering from ascétes.. I requested the owner to leave
him with me. He died some time during the night.
“ Post-mortem.—Upon opening the abdomen, the cavity
was full of serous fluid, and upon slitting open the intestines
the mucous membrane was observed to be highly inflamed
through its entire course, but the peritoneal surface was only
slightly discolored in places.
“Some worms were found in the intestinal canal, which
was somewhat contracted. The heart and liver I have for-
warded to you, as they both give evidence of the disease.
“ A furthur history of the animal from the owner was to
the effect that a fellow-pup died from the same disease,
having a distended abdomen, wasting of flesh, and showing
same symptoms as the pup alluded to. The father of these
pups was a fine specimen of the bull-dog, weighing upwards.
of forty pounds; he was of the Wallace breed, a famous
strain. :
‘Some time ago I operated upon him for. a cartilaginous
growth on the cartilage of the eye ; he did very well, and at
that time was in good health and blooming condition. His
GENEAAL DISEASES. 325
owner gave him to a friend. Some months afterwards he was
sent to me again, much wasted in flesh, with pendulous abdo-
men, suffering from the same disease as the pup, having a
quantity of serous fluid in the abdominal cavity. Treatment
was recommended ; but some weeks afterwards I heard from
the owner that the favorite and valuable old dog was dead.
This breed of bull-dogs is, I believe, now almost extinct ;
‘they have been bred in-and-in.
“ The examination of liver and heart led to the detection
of a very usual morbid change. The liver was dark in color,
“speckled here and there with yellow granules. In form, the
‘gland was almost globular ; in texture it was compact, with
the consistency of an ordinary fatty tumor. On section the
‘cut surface was granular, and mottled with minute yellow
specks. A small portion of the enlarged organ was ex-
amined under the quarter-inch objective, and the liver-cells
were observed to be filled with globules of fat. In addition,
there was a considerable quantity of deposit of the nature of
tubercle.
“The heart was also much enlarged ; the cavities of both
ventricles were distended with coagulated blood. The walls -
were reduced in thickness to at least one half; and under the
microscope, the fibres were seen to be in the transition state,
between the nucleated cell form of the foetal structure, and
the striated character of the fully developed muscle. Between
the fibres there was a deposit of granular matter, identical in
appearance with that observed in the liver. From the history
of the case, there is good reason to believe that the puppy
was the subject of scrofula, the result of hereditary trans-
mission, intensified, and probably primarily induced, by the
system of in-and-in breeding. The peculiar feature of the
case is the existence of the deposit in the liver and heart—
organs which are not ordinarily affected to any serious extent
in tuberculosis. The lungs, spleen, and kidneys were free
. from disease.”* pe
* From the “ Veterinarian,” November, 1868.
326 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
GLANDERS.
Fortunately, this scourge of horseflesh is but seldom met
with in the dog. :
Mr. Fleming, in his “Veterinary Sanitary Science,” on
this subject, observes: ‘The receptivity of the dog is not
very great; indeed, not many years ago, inoculations with
glander virus were so unsuccessful in this animal that it was
believed it could not be infected.
“Herting made experiments for several years, but they
were always incomplete in their results. He fed eight dogs
for a number of weeks on the raw flesh of glandered horses,
but without producing the disease inthem. At first, however,
they were usually affected with diarrhoea, and feces being of
a dark red color. Nordstrom produced the malady in two
dogs by feeding them with this flesh ; they had a bloody dis-
charge from the nostrils, redness of the eyes, and an cedema-
tous swelling of the head. They died.*
“TLafosse mentions the case of a dog belonging to Marshal
Neil, which contracted the malady through living in the same
stable with a diseased horse. Hertwig applied the nasal dis-
charge from glandered horses to the Schneiderian membrane
of six dogs, by means of a small brush. In two or three days
this membrane became swollen and dark-colored, and there
was a thin glutinous discharge, with moderate tumefaction of
the submaxillary lymphatic glands. When the matter was
inoculated on the skin of the forehead (where the animal
could not lick the wounds), in two or three days there was
swelling of the eyes, redness of the conjunctive, and tume-
faction of the submaxillary glands. The wound inflamed,
“suppurated for about eight days, and then a black crust
forming over it, it healed in about twenty to twenty-five
days.
“Of six dogs inoculated by Renault, two became affected,
* Tidskrift for Veterinairer,” etc., Stockholm, 1862. .
GENERAL DISEASES. 327
One of these perished three-and-a-half months after the
local development of the disease, but the other only died in
the fifth month. The successful inoculation of two horses
with the virus obtained from the ulcers of these dogs left no
doubt as to the nature of the malady, which appeared in a
most acute form.
“ Polli, of Milan, has induced the disease in dogs by depos-
iting the virus in wounds or injecting it into the circulation.
The effects were always apparent, but their intensity and
gravity varied according to the mode of introduction. Prinz,
Andral, Burguiéres, Letenneur, Leblanc, Rayer, Saussier, and
Saint Cyr* have obtained results similar to those of Renault ;
Lafosse has also several times successfully inoculated dogs
with the glanders and farcy virus ; and Decroix, from the
result of his experiments, came to the conclusion that acute
«“* The results of inoculations practised upon seven dogs with glander
matter, by Saint Cyr, of the Lyons Veterinary School, are summed up as
follows :—
“yz. Glanders is not the exclusive appanage of solipeds.
“2. It can certainly be transmitted to other animals, and especially to
the dog, by inoculation.
“3, In the dog, as in the horse, it ‘manifests itself by inflammation and
ulceration of the inoculated wound, swelling of the lymphatic glands in
its vicinity, and nasal discharge. Chancrous ulcers are, if not always, at
least generally absent. :
“a, Glanders in the dog is generally remarkably benignant, and except
in those cases in which it has been injected into the circulation, it is per-
haps seldom fatal.
“s, Notwithstanding this marked benignity of ‘canine glanders,’ the
virus none the less preserves all its activity, and when retransmitted to the
horse, inevitably produces the malady in as marked a form as when passed
direct from horse to horse.
“6, Lastly, glanders in the dog, as in the horse, appears to be governed
by the ‘law of unicity ;’ for with the horse actually glandered, and the dog
successfully inoculated for the first time, inoculation with the most active
glander virus produces no effect. This conclusion, however, requires more
experiments to corroborate it—‘ Journal de Méd. Vét. de Lyon,’ 1866, p.
307.”
328 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG,
and chronic glanders are transmissible to the carnivora by
inoculation.* ©
“‘ Some of the larger carnivora, such as the lion, have re-
ceived the disease through consuming the flesh of glandered
horses.”
SMALL-POX (VarioL& CANINZ.)
Variola of the dog is by no means a frequent disease in
this country, and there is but little to be found in English
veterinary literature on the subject.
Youatt describes the malady as follows:
“The essential symptoms of small-pox in dogs succeed
each other in the following order: the skin of the belly, the
groin, and the inside of the forearm becomes of a redder
color than in its natural state, and sprinkled with small red
spots, irregularly rounded. They are sometimes isolated,
sometimes clustered together. The near approach of this
eruption is announced by an increase of fever.
“On the second day the spots are larger, and the integu-
ment is slightly tumefied at the centre of each.
“On the third day the spots are generally enlarged, and
‘the skin is still more prominent at the centre.
“On the fourth day the summit of the tumor is yet more
prominent. Towards the end of that day, the redness of the
centre begins to assume a somewhat grey color. On the
following days the pustules take on their peculiar character-
istic appearance, and cannot be confounded with any other
eruption. On the summit is a white circular point, corre-
sponding with a certain quantity of nearly transparent fluid
which it contains, and covered by a thin and transparent
pellicle. This fluid becomes less and less transparent, until
it acquires the color and consistence of pus. The pustule,
during its serous state, is of a rounded form. It is flattened
t “ Journal de Méd. Vét, Militaire,” 1863.
GENERAL DISEASES, 329
when the fluid acquires a purulent character, and even slightly
depressed towards the close of the period of suppuration, and
when that of dessication is about to commence, which ordi-
narily happens towards the ninth or tenth day of the eruption.
The dessication and the desquamation occupy an exceedingly
variable length of time, and so indeed do all the different
periods of the disease. What is the least inconstant, is the
duration of the serous eruption, which is about four days, if |
it has been distinctly produced and guarded from all friction.
If the general character of the pustules is considered, it will
be observed that, while some of them are in a state of serous:
secretion, others will only have begun to appear.
“The eruption terminates when dessication commences
in the first pustules ; and, if some red spots show themselves
at that period of the malady, they disappear without -being
followed by the development of pustules. They are aspecies
of abortive pustules. After the dessication, the skin remains
covered by brown spots, which, by degrees, die away. There
remains no trace of the disease, except a few superficial
cicatrices, on which the hair does not grow.
“The causes which produce the greatest variation in the
periods of the eruption are, the age of the dog and the tem-
perature of the situation and of the season. The eruption
runs through its different stages with much more rapidity in
dogs from one to five months old, than in those of greater
age. I have never seen it in dogs more than eighteen months
old; An elevated temperature singularly favors the erup-
tion, and also renders it confluent and of a serous character.
A cold atmosphere is unfavorable to the eruption, or even
prevents it altogether. Death is almost constantly the result
of the exposure of dogs having small-pox to any considerable
degree of cold. A moderate temperature is most favorable
to the recovery of the animal. A frequent renewal or change
of air, the temperature remaining nearly the same, is highly
favorable to the patient ; consequently close boxes or kennels
should be altogether avoided.
330 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
“‘T have often observed that the perspiration or breath of
dogs laboring under variola emits. a very unpleasant odor.
This smell is particularly observed at the commencement of
the dessication of the pustules, and when the animals are
lying upon dry straw ; for the friction of the bed against the
pustules destroys their pellicles and permits the purulent
matter to escape—and the influence of this purulent matter
is most pernicious. The fever is increased, and also the un-
pleasant smell from the mouth, and that of the faeces. In
this state there is a disposition, which is rapidly developed in
the lungs, to assume the character of pneumonia.
“This last complication is a most serious one, and almost
always terminates fatally. It has a peculiar character. It
shows itself suddenly, and with all its alarming symptoms. It
is almost immediately accompanied by a purulent secretion
from the bronchi, and the second day does not pass without
the characters of pneumonia being completely developed.
The respiration is accompanied by a mucous 7é which often
becomes sibilant. The nasal cavities are filled with a puru-
lent fluid. The dog that coughs violently at the commence-
ment of the disease, employs himself, probably, on the follow-
ing day, in ejecting, by a forcible expulsion from the nostrils,
the purulent secretion which is soon and plentifully developed.
When he is lying quiet, and even when he seems to be asleep,
there is a loud, stertorous, guttural breathing.”
Mr. James Moore, in his homceopathic work on the “ Dis-
eases of the Dog,” observes with regard to it: “ This disease,
which is much more common on the Continent than in this
country, has been fairly described by Barrier and Leblanc.
“ Symptoms.——At first the animal is dull and depressed,
and carries his head drooped ; the eyelids are half-closed
and the eyes vacant in expression ; the nose is hot and dry ;
the tongue furred ; the dog prefers to lie down, and when in-
duced or compelled to get up and walk, the pace is slow and
unsteady ; the bowels are confined, and the urine high colored ;
the pulse is somewhat accelerated, and there are occasional
GENERAL DISEASES. 331
or frequent vomitings. Sooner or later, diarrhoea comes on.
The evacuations are bilious, dark, and offensive ; the counte-
nance is expressive of anxiety and uneasiness, and there are_
evident indications of prostration. Four or five days from the
onset, after shivering, vesicles appear on-the head, and thence
gradually spread to other parts of the body: these vesicles
subsequently break, and the resulting scab falls off in due
course.
“CA pack of hounds ate the carcases of some sheep, dead
of clavelée (small-pox). Seventeen of them became ill. -At
first distemper was suspected, as the dogs were low-spirited,
weak, paralytic in their: limbs, and had a viscid, greenish
_ discharge from their nostrils. A copious crop of ‘pustules’
appeared, and the disease was thereafter, rightly or wrongly,
regarded as small-pox. Eleven died.
“Tt has been stated that some dogs were infected from
sheep with this disease, during the recent Wiltshire epidemic ;
and that in both animals the disease was identical in its
- symptoms. .
“Tn small-pox the skin is afteatadu’ in the following man-
ner: The skin of the belly, groin, etc., is redder than usual,
and dotted with small roundish spots, either isolated or rege
larly clustered together. Each spot gradually gets larger,
and its centre becomes prominent and pointed, and contains
a clear fluid, which subsequently acquires a pus-like appear-
ance. Each spot is now flattened; the contained fluid
escapes on the rupture of its envelope ; scabs form from the
drying of the fluid, and gradually fall off. In some parts of
the body a permanent minute scar remains, and the hair is
destroyed for good.”
Mr, Fleming observes :* “ This is a rare malady, and may
be developed directly or by contagion ; it is supposed to be
also produced by the variola of man and of the sheep. It
chiefly affects young dogs, although old animals are not
* “Veterinary Sanitary Science,” vol. ii. p. 98.
332 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
exempt. One attack ensures immunity for the remainder of
the dog’s life.
“ Symptoms.—The disease commences with fever, which
continues for two or three days, and is followed by the ap-
pearance—over a large surface of the body, though rarely
on the back and sides of the trunk—of red points, resembling
flea-bites, which are quickly transformed into nodules, and
then into vesicles. The contents of these become purulent,
and finally dry into a crust, whose shedding leaves a naked
cicatrix.
‘In the dog, as in the sheep and pig, there are different __
forms of the disease, and it is benignant or malignant accord-
ingly. Puppies nearly always succumb, and, on a necroscopi-
cal examination, it is not unusual to find variolous pustules
on the mucous membrane of the respiratory and digestive
organs. a #
“ Sanitary Measures. —The disease being contagious,
though the virus does not appear to be very volatile, it is
necessary to isolate the silk, and take due precautions that
the contagion is not carried from them to healthy animals.
“ Curative Measures.—Careful dieting, a dry and mode-
rately warm dwelling, cleanliness, and abundance of fresh air,
are the essentials in the curative treatment.”
“ An emetic in the early stage of the malady has been rec-
ommended as likely to be useful. Afterwards the treatment
must be purely symptomatic.”
MEASLES.
An interesting case of this nature is described in a recent
report of the Epidemiological Society :
“A dog licked the hand of a child lying in bed, and on
whom the measles eruption was at its height. Twelve days
later the dog sickened, and suffered for two days with nasal
discharge ; and four days later died, with marked congestion
GENERAL DISEASES. 333
of the throat and air-passages. It has been held by some
authorities that measles in man is the analogue of distemper
in dogs—indeed, it has been urged that they are the same
diseases ; but this case contradicts such a view, for the dog
in question had, four years previously, gone through an attack
of distemper ; and, although second attacks of the various
eruptive fevers are common enough in children, second attacks
of distemper are rare amongst dogs—while such second cases,
when they do occur, are invariably of a slight and temporary
nature.” *
TETANUS,
This disease is of rare occurrence in canine practice. It is
divided into /diopathic, i.e., where no visible cause is in ex-
istence ; and Zraumatic, when it arises from injury or wound.
Tetanus consists of, or denotes an uncontrollable spasmod-
ic contraction of the voluntary muscles. It is exceedingly
painful, and usually fatal.
The disease may assume a local or. general form, 2.¢., it
may be limited to the jaws, producing /ockjaw ; or it may ex
tend to a part or the whole of the trunk, and give rise to par-
tial or general rigidity.
_Causes—Changes of temperature, exposure to cold and
wet, excessive fatigue ; injuries by wounds or bruises ; irrita-
tion to the nerve extremities, or main trunks ; the presence of
irritants in the stomach and intestines ; strychnia.
Symptoms.—When the jaws only are affected the head is
poked out, the jaws are tightly closed, the angles of the mouth
are drawn back, the mouth filled with frothy saliva, and the
eyes fixed in an unnatural and often hideous position.
Whatever portion of the animal is affected, this is drawn
and deformed.
_In general tetanus the patient, if able to walk, moves
* “Veterinary Journal,” Sept., 1876.
334. THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DUG.
stiffly, or, as it were, ad/.c7 a piece, The ears are pricked, the
tail is carried out straight and has a quivering motion ; the
affected muscles have a tense corded feel, and the limbs are
straight and set. During a spasm the animal falls over on
its side, and presents much the same appearance as if poi-
soned by strychnine, uttering puter hoarse cries between fear
and pain.*
Death may result from dophacite exhaustion, or—though I
believe it to be exceedingly rare—spasmodic contraction. of
the heart.
Post-mortem Appearances—These vary somewhat: most
frequently the spinal cord and its membranes are congested ;
occasionally the brain and.dura mater exhibit a similar ap-
pearance, but more particularly so in general and protracted
tetanus. In cases of traumatic tetanus, this condition is more
apparent in the nerve tissue near the seat of .injury ; while
the muscles in the same locality are soft, dark, and gorged
with blood. In severe cases. they are sometimes ruptured.
Treatment.—A late eminent lecturer on: this subject, as
affecting the horse, was wont to observe, in producing a stable
door-key, that that was the best measure we could adopt in
this disease, and the same meaning he intended to convey is
equally applicable to the dog. Perfect quietude, moderate
warmth, and subdued light, should always be enforced in the
treatment of canine tetanus. The person the animal is most
accustomed and attached to, is the fittest attendant; the
* T have heard it frequently argued that tetanus is not a painful dis-
ease, and that in the horse the profuse perspirations which accompany it
are merely the result of absolute fear. This theory I cannot subscribe to,
and never have agreed with. I do not for a moment ‘dispute the presence
of fear, or that it is a cause of perspiration ; but my reply has always been
that pain must be, at all events for a time, an inevitable result of sudden
an inordinate stimulus by the nerves supplying the muscles so affected.
Long-continued pressure may, and we know will, in time produce numb-
ness or paralysis; but in tetanus there being remissions of convulsion,
each sudden contraction when a spasm comes on must produce intense
pain.
GENERAL DISEASES. 335
susceptibility to excitement is so intense, that the presence
of a stranger, rough handling, or loud and harsh words will
generally induce violent spasmodic seizures, and hasten an
agonizing death.
With regard to constitutional remedies, Fleming’s tincture
of aconite stands. pre-eminent. Dose, one-two minims
every two or three hours. An aperient at the onset is, if its
administration is possible, very advisable ; but it should be
borne in mind that an attempt to give a draught to a tetanic
animal is, as a rule, creative of that alarm and severe spasms
at all times to be avoided. Here, then, is the benefit of acon-
ite. If the patient is able to lap, the drug may be dropped in
a little milk or water, without impregnating it with any objec-
tionable taste. When the jaws are locked, and fluids cannot
with safety be poured between the cheek and teeth, the same
quantity may be given in an enema.
Counter-irritation to the spine is at times attended (chiefly
in protracted cases) with benefit. oe warm or cold, are
injudicious and useless.
If the disease is caused by a sound this sould at the
same time be carefully attended to. It should be thoroughly
examined, to see whether any foreign or irritating matter is
present ; if there is, it must be at once removed. When the
wound is very painful, sedative poultices afford great relief ;
otherwise dressing with lunar caustic, and afterwards fadlabing
healthy suppuration, is the treatment I recommend: In
traumatic tetanus, when the wound assumes a healthy con-
dition, the constitutional symptoms usually improve with it.
The diet should. be nourishing, easy of deglutition and di-
gestion—as milk, broth, beef-tea, and such like. These may
be given in the form of enemas, if necessary.
CRAMP.
Dogs subjected to violent exercises, and afterwards ex-
posed to cold, or kennelled in cold and damp habitations, are
336 ' THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
not unfrequently affected with cramp. The same condition
sometimes follows swimming, particularly in cold seasons of
the year. The symptoms, though in some respects not unlike
those of rheumatism, differ from them in the rapidity with
which they pass off when warmth and free circulation to the
part is restored. The hind-parts are those generally affected.
The treatment consists in brisk exercise, and friction to the
part.
DISEASES OF THE HEART.
Diseases of the heart are not very frequently met with in
canine practice, except as the result of complications of other
maladies.
Fatty degenerationis, perhaps, the most commoreform met
with ; several instances of this I have seen when making
: post-mortem examinations of animals.
“Tn examining a heart thus diseased, the eye first notices
the fainter tracing, or the utter absence, of those transverse
marks which cross the fibres of all the voluntary muscles, and
less distinctly those of the involuntary muscle, the heart. In
an early stage of the disease these cross lines are dimly seen,
and the fibre is studded here and there with small dark
points. When the disease is more decidedly expressed the
dots are more numerous, and the striz disappear. These dots
are little globules of oil ; lying within the sheath of the fibre
they make it soft and fable,
“The parts of the heart which have undergone this change
are altered in color as well as in consistence. ‘They are pale,
like a faded leaf, or of a yellowish-brown, or a muddy pink
color, and they commonly have a spotty or mottled appear-
ance. The change of texture varies in degree and in extent.
It may render the muscle merely soft and flabby, or it may
reduce it to a state in which it feels like a wet kid glove, and
can be torn as readily as wet brown paper. Every chamber
GENERAL DISEASES. 337
of the heart is liable to this kind of disease. but most of all
the left ventricle, then the right ventricle, then the right auri-
cle, and least of all the left auricle. Generally it is more
evident in the column carnez, and near the endocardium,
than elsewhere.
“Fatty degeneration of the heart may proceed from a
defect of healthy nutrition throughout the body in consequence
of some general disorder, or of natural decay in the decline
of life. In such cases the same morbid change is commonly
manifest in other parts also ; in the arteries, in the liver, in
the kidneys, in the cornea.
“ But fatty degeneration may be limited to the heart, and
even to a small portion of the heart, and then it is owing to
some local failure of nutrition; of which perhaps the most
common cause is a diseased condition of the coronary arte-
ries. You are probably aware that these two vessels have no
large or free communication with each other, and it is a very
instructive fact that when one of them alone is diseased, that.
part only of the heart frequently is found to be affected which
receives its supply of blood through the unsound artery.
Fatty degeneration of the heart is also met with after bygone
inflammation, whether of the muscular tissue itself, or of its
lining, or its investing membrane. It is no uncommon sequel
of hypertrophy. In every instance the change seems ulti-
mately traceable to deficient nutrition.” *
There are no positive symptoms by which this cdnaitian
of the heart can be detected during life. The pulse may be
intermittent, feeble, or slow, as in other affections of the
organ, and rapid exertion may produce distress. Beyond
these, the practitioner has nothing to assist him until an ex-
amination after death reveals the real state of the case.
The large deposits of fat on the heart usually seen in obese
animals, are usually unassociated with fatty degeneration ;
though the two may exist combined, the former seldom in-
terferes with health.
* Watson’s “ Lectures on the Principles and Practice of Physic.”
338 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
Valvular disease of the heart, as I have previously, in
another section, observed, is a frequent and serious complica-
tion of rheumatism. When such a condition is present the
intermittent, jerking, feeble pulse, the short sudden inspira-
tion and sharp cry, on violent exercise or rapid movement,
frequently accompanied by a fall, as if shot, are the symp-
toms presented to us in this malady.
Post-mortem Appearances.—On examination, the valves are
found considerably thickened, and granular on their surfaces.
(In horses I have frequently observed this latter condition.)
It is also not unusual to find adhesion of the pericardium to
the heart, or an excess of serum, in which lymph or fibrine
may be deposited.
Treatment.—Any hope of a cure in a disease of this nature
must, it is almost needless to observe, be abandoned. Hav-
ing reason to believe that rheumatic disease of the heart
exists, it behoves us to avoid, or give instructions for the
avoidance of, those causes likely to result in alarming seiz-
ures, such as I have described, or sudden death. Shocks,
frights, rapid exercise, exposure to cold or intense heat
should, as far as possible, be prevented. The animal should
be kept well nourished, and smal] doses of the iodide of iron
may be given from time to time, andin severe palpitation,
with pain, sedatives, with counter-irritation over the left side,
may be had recourse to. Constipation, diarrhoea, or, indeed,
anything causing. the patient to strain, must also be avoided.
The following case of heart disease, associated with rhev- .
matism and chorea, recently came under my observation.
In December, 1877, a fox-terrier dog, about six years old,
belonging to Miss Walker, of Bromley House, Penn, was
brought to me for treatment. . I found the animal suffering
from rheumatic chorea, and I was informed by the owner
that when purchased at nine months old, he at that time never
stood perfectly still, but always shook slightly, especially on
the fore legs. The dog now moved with a reeling, snatching
gait ; the latter was particularly observable in the hind legs.
GENERAL DISEASES. 339
The back was also arched. When lying down or resting, the
head had a tremulous, but not persistent motion ; the limbs,
however, were continually twitching. I inserted a seton at
the back of the ears. The same afternoon, before medicinal
treatment was commenced, the animal died.
I made a post-mortem examination for the purpose of
ascertaining the condition of the heart, as the case being of
long standing, and complicated with rheumatism, I expected
to find cardiac mischief. On making a section through the
right ventricle, and exposing the tricuspid valve, I found the
latter thickened and rough, beyond which there was nothing
abnormal to be seen’; but an examination of the left ventri-
cle revealed the presence of an ante-mortem clot seven-
eights of an inch in length, wedge-shaped, tapering to a point.
It was the sixteenth of an inch thick, white in color, and
fibrous, having on its upper surface a dark, recent blood-
clot. This ante-mortem clot was immediately below and
partly attached to the mitral valve, the latter being much in-
flamed ; the tapering or pointed end was unattached.
I have endeavored, by means of the accompanying illus-
tration, to give a more exact idea of the appearance the heart,
valve, and clot presented. (Fig. 33.)
Fig. 33-
Heart or Doc, Lert VENTRICLE OPEN. I. MITRAL VALVE, INFLAMED.
2. AnTR-Mortem Fisrinous CLor.
340° THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
The specimen was considered by several medical men to
whom it was shown to be a very interesting aupeetentons
one.
Since writing the above, I have been informed that the
dog was stolen in 1876, and nothing was seen or known of
his whereabouts for a year, when he unexpectedly returned,
and it is supposed by his mistress that during his absence he
was roughly used, as his spirit seemed broken, and he had
the appearance of being much older than he really was.
Rupture of the heart, not uncommon in the human subject,
and occasionally seen in the horse, is of rare occurrence in
the dog.
“A black pointer, of the Scotch breed, had every appear-
ance of good health, except that she frequently fell into a fit
after having run a little way, and sometimes even after - play-
ing in the yard. She was several times bled during and
after these fits. When I examined her, I could plainly per-
ceive considerable, and even violent spasmodic motion of the
heart, and the sounds of the beating of that organ were ir-
regular and convulsive. She was sent to the infirmary, in
order to be cured of an attack of mange ; but during her stay
in the hospital she had these fits several times; the attack
almost always followed after she had been playing with other
dogs. She appeared as if struck by lightning, and remained
motionless for several minutes, her gums losing their natural
appearance, and assuming a bluish hue. After the lapse of
a few minutes she again arose as if nothing had been the
matter. She was bled twice in eight days, and several doses
of fox-glove were administered to her. The fits appeared to
become less frequent ; but, playing one day with another dog,
she fell and expired immediately.
“The post-mortem examination was made two hours after
death. The cavity of the pericardium contained a red clot of
blood, which enveloped the whole of the heart ; it was thicker
in the parts that corrresponded with the valve of the heart;
and on the left ventricle, and near the base of the left valve
GENERAL DISEASES. 341
of the heart, as well as on the external part of that viscus,
was an irregular rent two inches long. It crossed the valve
of the heart, which was very thin in this place. The size of
the heart was very small, considering the height and bulk of
the dog. The walls of the ventricles, and particularly of the
left ventricle, were very thick. The cavity of the left ven-
tricle was very small; there was evidently a concentric hyper-
‘trophy of these ventricles; the valve of the heart was of
great size.
“ The frmedinte cause . of the rupture of the valve of the
heart had evidently been an increase of circulation, brought
on by an increase of exercise ; but the remote cause con-
sisted in the remarkable thinness of the valve of the heart.
“This case is remarkable in more than one respect: first,
because instances of rupture. of the valve of the heart are
very rare ; and secondly, because this rupture had its seat in
the left valve of the heart, while usually; in both the human
being and the quadruped, it takes place in the right, and this
without doubt because the walls and the valves of the right
side are thinner.”*
* Youatt on “The Dog.”
CHAPTER XVIII.
ACCIDENTS AND OPERATIONS.
FRACTURES, OVER-GROWTH OF CLAWS,
DISLOCATIONS, REMOVAL OF DEW-CLAWS,
WOUNDS, CROPPING,
SPRAINS, ROUNDING,
BURNS AND SCALDS, TAILING,
UMBILICAL HERNIA, WORMING, :
CHOKING, ~
CASTRATION,
CESOPHAGOTOMY, SPAYING,
SORE FEET, VACCINATION
CHLOROFORM.
FRACTURES.
THESE are of very common occurrence in the dog. They are
divided into compound, comminuted, and simple. Compound,
when there is an external wound communicating with the
fracture, comminuted when the bone is broken into numerous
fragments, simple when the bone is broken only in one place,
Fig. 34.
ACCIDENTS AND OPERATIONS. 343
and without other injury. The latter may be transverse,
oblique, or longitudinal.
In young animals, partial or incomplete fracture, z.e., when
the outside of the bone splits away similar to a tough twig
when bent to break, is occasionally met with (Fig. 34). This,
in human surgery, is termed green-stick fracture, an illustra-
tion of which I once had in one of my children, by falling
from the back of a pony on to his hand, and fracturing the
' radius in the manner described.
Fracture without separation, is when a bone is starred, as
it were, and held together by the periosteum ; it is rare in the
dog, though common in the horse.
The long bones are those most liable to fracture, more
especially those of the extremities. Fracture of the scapula-
pelvis, ribs, cranium, and vertebre are occasionally met within
the dog, and therefore demand notice in these pages.
In the human being there are various predisposing causes
of fracture. In the dog they are invariably the result of di-
rect violence. The usual symptoms of limb-fracture are—
de‘ormity, loss of muscular power, pain, swelling, and crepi-
tus. The reparative process in the dog is remarkably rapid,
and, as arule, when the parts are -placed i situ and the
splints applied, the animal seems to understand the injured
limb is not to be interfered with, and is contented to remain
quiet. :
The treatment of fracture consists in reducing the sepa
rated portions to their proper position and maintaining them
there when so reduced by the application of splints and
bandages.
Splints may be composed of wood, pasteboard, leather, or
gutta percha. The three first-named are retained in position
by bandaging. The latter is -rendered soft with hot water,
and moulded to the limb. Bandages take the place of splints
when soaked in gum, starch, or plaster of Paris.
With regard to fracture of the long bones of the limbs, I
have found no application equal to the wooden splint. We
344 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG,
will suppose a case of fractured ulna or radius. The frac.
tured edges being reduced to their relative position, and the
imb held firmly in a straight line downwards, the splints, cut
the length required (I always take them below the knee-
joint to the foot), are applied as follows: one in front, one
_ behind, and one on either side. The surface is smeared with
Ipitch, to maintain them better in position. A little pad of
tow or cotton wool should be placed under the ends of the
splints, to prevent irritation and wounds. Being thus satis-
factorily arranged, a narrow bandage of calico is wound
round, moderately tight, from end to end, smeared occasion-
ally in its course with pitch. This done, the patient should
be conveyed t> where he is to remain ; and, to prevent risk,
it is better to place a wire muzzle on for the first few days, or
at all events until the parts have become firm,
Fig. 35.
FRACTURE OF SCAPULA, SHOWING PosiTION OF SPLINTS AND PLASTER.
The same treatment will apply to comminuted fracture.
A black retriever dog was brought to me, suffering from
double fracture of the femur, the fractures being some dis-
ACCIDENTS AND OPERATIONS, 345
tance apart; a bull. and mastiff, aged, with fracture of the
femur in three distinct places. Both were treated with splint-
setting, and recovered perfectly, without- any deformity or
perceptible thickening, except on manipulation.
Fracture of the scapula is occasionally met with, chiefly,
in small toy dogs, and is usually caused from tumbles down
stairs or from elevated positions. I have treated two (the
only ones brought under my care) successfully ; both were
fractured at the neck of the bone. ‘Two pasteboard splints
smeared with pitch were placed parallel, and a quarter of an
inch apart and: obliquely; another was then applied cross-
ways, and a pitch-plaster on sheepskin covered them and the |
whole shoulder (Fig. 35). I then passed a bandage, com-
mencing from the centre of the shoulder across the withers,
to the other side under the brisket back again, and so on,
several times securing it in its situation with pitch (Fig. 36).
On the 24th of May, 1877, a cub fox belonging to Mrs.
Boughey, five weeks old, nursed by hand, was brought to me
Fig.’ 36.
FRACTURE OF SCAPULA, WITH BANDAGE APPLIED.
suffering from comminuted fracture of the scapula, I set it
in the same manner as above described, with one exception.
The injury had taken place some days previously , in addition
to the fracture there was luxation of the shoulder-joint, which
346 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
caused the limb to spread out laterally at a right angle to the
shoulder. To maintain it in proper position, I cut and ap-
plied a kid glove as follows: having removed the thumb,
second, and fourth fingers, and the ends from the remaining
-ones, I inserted both fore-legs through the finger-stalls, button-
ed the wrist portion over the shoulders, and drew it together
across the front of the chest by means of another strip sewn
on and made to button.. This I found admirably answered
the double purpose of keeping the limb as I. wished it, and
rendering displacement of the shoulder-setting more unlikely.
Within five weeks the support was removed, and I shortly
after received a letter from Mrs. Boughey informing me that
the interesting little patient was able to follow her up stairs
without difficulty. I have recently seen the animal, which I
find in no way stunted in growth ; it is perfectly straight on
its limbs, and with no perceptible thickening, lameness, or
defect in gait.
Fracture of the Pelvis—In a, case of this description, little
can be done beyond keeping the patient quiet ; the bandage
recommended for shoulder-fracture may be applied in the
same way, carrying it between the hind-legs and across the
loins. As a rule, however, these are far from satisfactory
cases, and unless required for breeding purposes (and which
. then depends upon the portion of pelvis fractured) treatment
is not advisable. -
Mr. Percivall records a case of fracture of the ischial por-
tion of the pelvis recovered by rest and nature. The situation
of the injury would favor this, and even had a false joint
formed, it would not have interfered with breeding. :
Fracture of the Ribs usually proceeds from external vio-
lence, as blows, kicks, or being crushed. The symptoms are
painful, catching respiration, pain on lifting or moving the
animal, and crepitus when so doing,
The treatment consists in applying a broad bandage firmly
round the chest, so as to prevent the animal dilating the
thoracic walls in breathing. If the fractured end of the
ACCIDENTS AND OPERATIONS. 347
rib penetrate the cavity of the chest, it is advisable that the
ingress of air should be prevented as much as possible ; and
the patient must be treated ene eCnene Perfect
quietude is absolutely necessary.
Fracture of the Cranium is, under any circumstances, of
serious consequence ; compression of the brain is likely to
ensue, from the fractured portions bulging inwards, or from
extravasation of blood on the brain.
The following case, which came under the care of Pro-
fessor Simonds, is recorded by Youatt:—‘‘ Two gentlemen
were playing at quoits, and the dog of one of them was struck
on the head by a quoit, and supposed to be killed. His
owner took him up and found that he was not dead, although
dreadfully injured. It being near the Thames, his owner
took him to the edge of the river, and dashed some water
over him, and herallied a little. Professor Simonds detected
a fracture of the skull, with pressure on the brain, arising
from a portion of depressed bone. The dog was perfectly
unconscious, frequently moaning, quite incapable of standing,
and continually turning round upon his belly, his straw, or
his bed. It was a case of coma; he took no food, and the
pulsation at the heart was very indistinct.
“T told the proprietor that there was no chance of re-
covery, except by an operation; and even then, I thought it
exceedingly doubtful. I was desired to operate, and took
him home. ;
“The head was now almost twice as large as when the
accident occurred, proceeding from a quantity of coagulated
blood that had been effused under the skin covering the skull.
I gave him a dose of aperient medicine, and on the following
morning commenced my operation.
“The hair was clipped from the en and an incision
carried immediately from between the eyebrows to the back
part of the skull, in the direction of the sagittal suture. An-
other incision was made from this to the root of the ear.
This triangular flap was then turned back, in order to remove
348 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
the coagulated blood, and make a thorough exposure of the
skull. I was provided with a trephine, thinking that only a
portion of the bone had been depressed on the brain, and it
would be necessary, with that instrument, to separate it from
its attachment, and then with an elevator remove it; but_I
found that the greater part of the parietal bone was depressed,
and that the fracture extended along the sagittal suture from
the coronal and lambdoidal sutures, At three-fourths of the
width of the bone, the fracture ran parallel with the sagittal
suture and this large portion was depressed upon the tunics
of the brain, the dura mater being considerably lacerated.
“The depressed bone was raised with an elevator, and I
found, from its lacerated edges, and the extent of the mischief
done, that it was far wiser to remove it entirely, than to allow
it to remain and take the chance of its uniting.
“In a few days the dog began to experience relief from the
operation, and to be somewhat conscious of what was taking
place around him. He still requires care and attention, and
proper medicinal agents to be administered from time to
time ; but with the exception of occasionally turning round
when on the floor, he takes his food well, and obeys his mas-
ter’s call.” * =
Fracture of the Vertebre occasionally happens in dogs used
for the chase. It is needless to say that-such cases usually
terminate in paralysis and death.
The after-treatment of fracture is very simple. Quietude,
and attention to the bowels and diet, are the points mainly to
be observed. The bowels should be kept gently relaxed ; this
is especially needful in fracture of the hind extremities, and
particularly the pelvis, as the animal in placing himself in
position for fecal evacuation is apt, in the strain and weight
almost necessarily thrown on the injured part, to displace the
fracture. The diet should be plain, unstimulating and relax-
ing. When an excessive amount of swelling takes place in
the foot after the setting of a fractured limb, the bandages
* Trans. Vet. Med. Assoc., i. 51,
ACCIDENTS AND OPERATIONS, ‘ 349
may be slit up a little distance between the splints, and the
foot soaked in, or sponged with, warm water.
The removal of splints should never take place until the
expiration of at least four weeks, unless they have become
disarranged, or the setting is not correct.
False Foint.——When a fracture fails to unite by osseous
matter, and a fibrous connection is substituted, what is termed
Jalse joint is established. In the long bones, treatment is
more easily and satisfactorily adopted than in other situations.
When it is found on the removal of the support that osseous
union has not taken place, the limb should be again fastened
up,—more firmly, if possible, than before, a liberal diet
allowed, and tonics administered. If at the expiration of
seven or eight weeks the false joint still exists, and there
appears no prospect of its being otherwise, unless other
measures are adopted, inflammatory action is to be
established in the false union with the object of exciting the
formation of osseus material, and this may be done by
Fig 37
Derormep LimB AFTER UNION OF FRACTURE, NECRSSITATING RE-FRACTURE-
piercing the structure in various places with a sharp needle,
and moving the point about when imbedded there until it is
35° THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
considered that sufficient irritation has been produced. The
limb is then bound up as before.
Certain constitutional conditions of an animal have a
tendency to retard the formation of new bone (scrofula or
rickets, to wit). In such diatheses, mineral tonics and bone-
making materials should be freely exhibited ; in the latter,
lime-water and milk should be given to the animal to me in
the place of water.
Refracture,—From nature being allowed, without assist-
ance, to effect the union of a fractured limb, or from careless-
ness or wrong adjustment of the splints, it frequently happens
that the limb after union presents a deformed and unsightly
appearance. A broken-haired terrier was recently brought
to me for advice regarding the condition of a united fore-leg
fractured above the knee (radius and ulna), which had been
set with leather splints—the limb was bent outwards to such
an extent as to be almost useless. See Fig. 37.
Having placed the animal under chloroform, I re-fractured
the bone at the original seat; having only been done a
month, this was not a difficult task. The limb being then
brought into proper, position, I applied the ordinary wood
splints with pitch and bandages, and in five weeks afterwards
I had the gratification of seeing my patient perfectly re-
covered, and with two straight fore-legs. -
Compound Fracture is occasionally met with in the long
bones of the limbs. If the end of the bone protrude through
the opening, and from the smallness of the latter replacement
is difficult, either the protruded bone must be removed with
a fine saw or bone nippers, or the wound enlarged. When
comminution is also present, any completely detached frag-
ments of bone should be removed, otherwise they will act as
foreign bodies, create inflammation and suppuration, and pre-
vent the healing process. In the application of splints, it will
be necessary to arrange them, so that the wound may be
readily exposed when requisite.
Fracture with Luxation.—When fracture occurs with dis-
ACCIDENTS AND OPERATIONS, 35T
location, the treatment is doubly difficult, as the dislocation
must first be reduced ; this, under the circumstances, is no easy
task, and then the fracture is to be attended to. Occasionally
it is necessary to have recourse to the latter first, in order to
permit the extension required to reduce the dislocation ; after
which it is generally advisable to reset the fracture, owing
to the unavoidable displacement consequent on the opera-
tion.
DISLOCATIONS.
Dislocation, luxation, or the displacement of a joint without
fracture, is very commonly seen in canine practice.
The dislocations usually met with are in the shoulder, elbow,
knee, hip, stifle, hock, toes. ,
Predisposing Causes.—Congenital deformity, elongation of
Fig. 38.
DIsLocaTION .oF SHOULDER -JOINT.
352 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
the articulatory ligaments, atrophied or weak muscles, previous
luxation. .
Exciting Causes.—External violence, as falls, blows, twists,
undue force in parturition, muscular action, voluntary effort.
Symptoms.—Displacement and deformity of the part;
undue prominence, or the reverse, where neither should exist ;
shortening or elongation of the limb, generally the former;
inability to perform the usual natural movements ; a tense
condition, if they are not ruptured, of the muscles on the
opposite side ; pain on manipulation, with more or. less swell-
ing ; an absence of true crepitus ; an entirety of bone.
Treatment.—This consists in applying extension in the
direction required for the reduction of the dislocation: in
recent cases this will not be difficult. If the shoulder-joint
be the seat of accident, reduction is most easily accomplished
in the following manner: A strong towel or surcingle is passed
underneath the brisket, between the fore-legs, over the
withers, round the girth, and across the front of the breast.
This is held firmly, whilst an assistant steadily draws the
limb in the direction required (Fig. 38).
In dislocation of the elbow, the humerus should be firmly
grasped by one pair of hands, while another uses steady
traction on the limb below. :
Dislocation of the knee is extremely rare, and when it does
occur, it will be necessary, after reduction, by traction and
manipulation, to place a starch bandage round it for a week
or ten days.
Dislocation of the Hip.—This occurs in various forms ;
the head of the femur may be displaced upwards, downwards,
forwards, or backwards. Reduction is performed by powerful
traction above the hock, in the direction indicated by the
dislocation. At the time of traction, the limb should be
drawn outwardly from the upper part of the thigh, for the
purpose of lifting the head of the femur over the rim of
the acetabulum. Rotation will sometimes aid the operation.
Dislocation of the stifle or patella is rarély met with in
ACCIDENTS AND OPERATIONS. 353
canine practice. In a case which came under my own care
the bone was displaced outwardly, and could be reduced
readily by the fingers, but only temporarily. The symptoms
of displacement of the patella, whether outwardly or inwardly
—the two forms usually met with—are an unnatural projection
on the affected side, with inability to flex the joint. Reduc-
tion is effected by drawing the leg forward, and then with the
fingers forcing the patella back into its place. In the ‘case
named, after reduction I fixed on an outside splint, and bound
the joint around with a pitch bandage. The case did well,
and no return of the luxation, though three years have. since
elapsed, has taken place, whereas previously it was continu-
ally out of position. .
Mr. James Rowe, of London, reports dislocation of the
patella as not unfrequent in his practice, and tells me he has
successfully treated them in a similar manner to that adopted
by me. One case occurred ina cat.
Dislocation of the Hock.—The same remarks made with
reference to the knee will apply here.
Dislocation of the Toes—This accident is sometimes met
with, and is generally occasioned by leaping or tumbling from
heights. Reduction is easily affected by extension, and the
subsequent maintenance of the parts in their proper position
by bandaging the whole foot, and, if need be, small splints on
either side and in front of the affected toe.
Dislocation, having once taken place, is exceedingly liable
to recur. For this reason, excitement and unnecessary move-
ments should be strictly avoided. The after-treatmént con-
sists in observing much the same rules as those laid down in
fracture. The patient should be kept quiet. If inflammatory
symptoms, with excessive swelling round the affected joint,
ensue, warm fomentations or a bran poultice may be applied,
and a dose of aperient medicine administered, and if the
local inflammatory action is extreme, leeches may be used.
Such symptoms, however, rarely occur, except in protracted
and aggravated reduction.
23
354 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.:
Dislocations should always be reduced under chloroform,
both for humanity’s sake, and the greater ease with which,
during anesthesia, it can be accomplished.
WOUNDS.
I shall divide these into incised, lacerated, punctured, and
contused, as these four kinds are most commonly met with in
the dog.
Incised wounds are clean cut, like those produced in sur-
gical operations, or from sharp-edged substances.
Lacerated are those in which the tissues are torn asunder,
Punctured, those produced by stabs or pricks.
Contused, by bruising or crushing.
To repair a wound, it is necessary that a process of what is
termed “ healing ” should be gone through, and this process
is accomplished in one of the following ways :
A. First Intention ; i.e. immediate reunion of the parts,
without the formation of new material.
B. Adhesive Inflammation; or the exudation of lymph on
both cut surfaces.
C. Granulation ; or the formation of small masses of new
flesh, over which a secretion of pus is continually poured.
D. Scabbing or crusting; a covering formed by nature of
‘dried exuded matter on the raw surface, as pus, blood, or
_lymph, mingled generally with dirt or dust.
The final result of either process is a scar or cicatrix, vary-
ing in character and dimensions according to the method by
which the wound is healed. In our hairy-coated patients, this
is not of so much moment as it is on uncovered human
skin. :
Incised wounds are generally most amenable to treatment.
In those recently inflicted it is always advisable, if possible
(unless there are diseased deep-seated structures), to obtain
union by the first intention. To effect this, after the wound
* ACCIDENTS AND OPERATIONS. 355
has been cleansed and the hemorrhage has ceased, the lips
are brought into direct apposition (taking care no hairs get
between), and so maintained by sutures or plaster; the
latter will necessitate the shaving off the hair before it can
be applied.
The animal must then be so secured that it cannot inter-
fere with the part. For though the dog’s tongue is un-
doubtedly a great cleanser, it is neither a healer nor aid to
apposition, and the sooner such an idea is exploded the better.
Omit this precaution, and the surgeon’s work will speedily
be undone ; the animal will persistently lick the wound, and
keep it gaping open. It then heals by granulation, for it
cannot do so by any other method. The result is a broad
unsightly cicatrix, instead of the fine and, in time, almost
imperceptible seam left from union in the first instance by
direct apposition, with or without the first intention.
I say, with or without the first intention, because it is not
unusual for a patient to be brought some four or five days
after the wound has been closed, with the sutures out and
the lips apart, and we are asked to reclose it. This I seldom
do, finding in the treatment of wounds in the lower animals
that if the lips can be kept in apposition for the fifst four or
five days, they will, if they then break away, resume in the
final healing process the position they were originally placed
in, and each suture mark will reveal the nicety or otherwise
of adjustment. os
The same remarks will apply to healing by adhesive in-
flammation,* which may be considered a kind of, if not really,
first intention. ;
-The sutures commonly used are soft wire, pins, and silk.
I prefer the latter for dogs, and if dipped in a weak solution
of carbolic acid they maintain their position longer, and add
to the Healthiness of the wound.
_ Granulation and scabbing are, however, the most common
* It is to my mind doubtful if healing ever takes place without an ex-
udation of lymph, at all events in the lower animals.
356 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOU.
methods of healing in veterinary practice. When the secre-
tion of pus takes place, its character should be examined to
ascertain if it is healthy—ze., of a creamy consistency, yel-
lowish-white, of a peculiar indescribable odor, not disagree-
able or unhealthy, being ichorous or curdled, of a dirty color,
and feetid.
Suppurating wounds require to be deansel with tepid
water at least once’ daily.. The following liniment occasion-
ally injected will promote a healthy discharge :
Acid Carbolic............ 15 minims.
Ol. Terebinth. .......... I ounce.
Ol. OVS ocece se eee news 6 ounces.
Where the granulations spring up too rapidly, forming
what is termed “ proud flesh,” the application of lunar caustic
is necessary ; but it should be borne in mind that a twofold
effect follows its use, viz., a destruction of the present flesh,
that which it comes in contact with, and a stimulus to growth
of the future tissue. Sluggish wounds, therefore, that are
occasionally treated with caustic, granulate much more rapid-
ly than under any other treatment.
In healing by granulation, care should always be jaken
that the wound heals from the bottom, otherwise the confined
pus will burrow, and deep-seated abscess or sinuses be the re-
sult. This is particularly to be observed in punctured wounds.
Lacerated wounds must of necessity heal by granulation.
In the first instance, the wound should be cleansed from clots
and any foreign matters. If there is excessive hemorrhage,
it will be necessary to secure the vessel, if possible, by liga-
ture, or pack the wound with a portion of sponge or tow,
saturated with some astringent—as solution of alum or tinct-
ure of iron.
This may be removed in twenty-four hours, and.if no
secondary hemorrhage occurs, the stimulating liniment before
advised may be injected, and the same treatment followed as
is given in wounds healing by granulation.
When no skin is removed, the edges should be brought
ACCIDENTS AND OPERATIONS. 357
together with sutures, and so maintained as long as possible,
taking care to leave a free passage for the discharge of pus.
If the sutures are tied in bows, they can be readily unfastened
for the withdrawal of the packing and reclosed.
Lacerated wounds from bites should be freely cauterized.
Punctured wounds are generally very troublesome ; they
may be called deceptive wounds, for sometimes it is impos-
sible to tell to what extent they go, or what foreign matters
may be left behind ; thorns, for instance, or the rust off a
spike or nail, may, from remaining unextracted, produce
pyemia and death. Such wounds, then, should always be
carefully examined, and the probe is only a safe explorer in
the hands of a professional man.
As the orifice is frequently exceedingly small, the hair
around it should be cut off, so that it may.not become matted
and form an obstruction to the discharge of pus ; this will
also facilitate the daily examination and treatment of the
wound, If the puncture be in the foot, and there is reason
to suppose a thorn or rusty nail has produced it, a poultice is
advisable, and the insertion occasionally of a little caustic.
It should never be allowed to heal. unless the attendant is
satisfied it is sound at the bottom; otherwise, as before ob-
served, deep-seated abscess and sinuses will result.
When the opening is small, pus has accumulated, and the
swelling above extensive, it is better to enlarge the wound
with a scalpel, or lance, and inject it with warm water.
Contused wounds are best treated by poulticing and fo-
mentation ; if only slight, Nature herself will effect a cure.
_ Sloughing, more or less, may be expected if the wound is
more than superficial. When the injury extends to the
deeper-seated structures, and there is much extravasation of
blood, scarifying and repeated fomentations are indicated.
When the crushing has been so great that the textures under-
neath the muscles and bloodvessels are ruptured, extensive
sloughing is sure to follow. Healing in such a case takes
place by granulation; and the reparation needed being gener-
358 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
ally considerable, caustic applications are more frequently
required, with daily cleansing, and the injection from time to
time of the stimulating liniment.
In all classes of wounds a certain amount of inflammatory
fever is produced. This is best counteracted by light aperi-
ent medicine, plain unstimulating diet, and quietude. :
SPRAINS.
Sprains, or undue strain of the muscular or ligamentous
portion of the limbs, is of frequent occurrence in sporting
dogs, and the pain attendant upon such injury is generally
exceedingly acute, and accompanied with swelling and con-
siderable febrile disturbance.
Treatment.—This should consist, until the inflammatory
symptoms have subsided, in warm fomentations to the injured
part (in extreme cases leeches may be applied), aperient
medicine, and perfect rest. Afterwards it may be necessary
to apply a splint, or starch bandage, to support the part,
which usually continues weak for some considerable time.
When thickening, with chronic. inflammation, remains,
cold water and the following lotion can be first tried :
Malt Vinegar ...........2.--0 eee 1 ounce,
Spt. Vini et Camph................ 2 ounces.
AQUA iccsnwigd Me eres s Henle tes ; ed
To be used after the cold water.
This failing, the tincture of iodine, one-half the ordinary
strength, may be applied daily until soreness is induced, and
when this has abated, again renewed.
BURNS AND SCALDS.
Dogs are occasionally, through accident or from malicious
intent, burned or scalded. The consequences, though not
ACCIDENTS AND OPERATIONS. 359
usually so dangerous as in human beings, are nevertheless
serious, as an amount of violent inflammatory fever follows
either injury. I recollect a bull-terrier, belonging to a brewer,
being fearfully scalded in the following manner. The animal
had the same morning killed a rat in an empty mash-tub, and
was afterwards chained up. On the arrival of his master he
was as usual released, when he immediately sped to the scene
of his morning’s exploit, and leapt, in his~ excitement not
seeing the danger, into the tub, which then contained boiling
water. The poor brute was extricated as quickly as possible,
but with every vestige of hair removed from his body, and
totally blind ; not a whimper, however, escaped him. It is
needless to add that, on the score of humanity, his sufferings
were terminated with prussic acid, though not without some
- difficulty, as his savage propensities still remained, even after
such a fearful ordeal.
The treatment of either burns or scalds consists in keeping
down, as much as possible, inflammatory action locally, and
sympathetic fever. Air should be immediately excluded from
the part, the latter first being dressed with linseed oil and
lime-water—three ounces of the latter to six of the former
shaken together—and then covered over with cotton-wool.
When sloughing commences, poultices and warm fomen-
tations are indicated. The bowels should be kept relaxed
throughout, and perfect quietude with cleanliness observed.
By the latter I mean no foreign matters beyond the dressing
should be allowed to.come in contact with the wound. Bits
of hay and straw, or the animal’s hair, act as irritants and do
the animal considerable mischief. During the sloughing and
granulating stage, tonics and nutritious food are requisite.
When the wound assumes a sluggish and unhealthy character,
the application of a stimulus to its surface is required.
Blemishes must be expected to follow either a burn or
scald, but in long-haired dogs these are to a great extent
covered.
360 THE MANAGEMENT AND. DISEASES OF THE DOG,
UMBILICAL HERNIA.
This is not unfrequently met with in toy dogs. It may
be congenital, or, what is more usually the case, result from
expansion of the navel cicatrix. A conical tumor is observed
immediately over the navel, and into which is protruded a
portion of the omentum or intestine, or both. The position
of four-legged animals favors the protrusion, and consequent-
ly its increase.
Treatment.—This is exceedingly simple, and invariably
successful. As soon as the animal is weaned,* being placed
on his back, a conical-shaped portion of cork, with a broad
base, covered or not with calico or wash-leather, should be
applied to the protrusion, and secured there with strips of
pitch-plaster. .
If the hernia is allowed to go on until puppyhood is past,
more difficulty will be experienced in dealing with it, and the
chances of success will be rendered less certain.
On the 25th of June, 1877, a young pug dog, fourteen
weeks old, was brought for my advice regarding a navel en-
largement, which I pronounced to be hernia, and most prob-
ably intestinal; but I could detect no communication between
the protruded portion, whatever it was, and the intestine
within the abdomen, nor could any manipulation reduce it.
Fasting made no difference in its appearance or feel, nor yet
did a full meal. The enlargement was very much constricted
at its base, and gave one the idea of an empty portion of in-
testine or bladder inflated and tied firmly round. To ascer-
tain its true nature before resorting to any operation for its
removal (after fasting the animal), I explored it with a suture
needle; but neither blood, serum, nor any other kind of
fluid, nor yet did collapse, follow the puncture. The owner
then acting on my advice, chloroform was administered to the
patient, and an incision made through the skin with a lancet,
* Any appliance before weaning, would most likely be removed by
the mother’s teeth.
ACCIDENTS AND OPERATIONS, 361
for the purpose of removing the protrusion by ligature, should
it prove to be omentum or obliterated intestine ; or if both,
and the latter was not obliterated, return it and close the
aperture with suture.
It was found to be the former, and removed accordingly ;
a couple of stitches being inserted through the lips of the di-
vided integument and the ends of the ligature left out.
Orders were given for the patient to be watched, so that
he might not interfere with the part, and to be kept quiet.
On the fifth day the ligature sloughed off, and at the end of
another similar period the wound was whole.
On che x$th of the following month, July, I met the owner,
and was informed that the dog was perfectly well, and that
there was no mark of enlargement of any kind to be detected.
CHOKING.
Dogs very frequently get choaked, especially ravenous feed-
ers. A portion of bone or solid matter, too large, or from
its shape impossible to be passed down the cesophagus, be-
comes fixed, it may be in the upper portion of the throat, the
pharnyx, or some distance down the tube.
Treatment.—If the obstruction is not deeply lodged, and
can be seen or felt, an attempt should be made to extract it
Fig. 39+
THROAT FORCEPS.
362 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
with forceps. An ingenious instrument for this purpose is
sold by Arnold and Sons, London. (See Fig. 39.)
When, however, the substance is too low for extraction, a
whalebone probe, having a portion of sponge fastened on the
end and dipped in oil, may be gently passed down to the ob-
struction and then steadily pushed onwards. Before, how-
ever, attempting this measure, it is advisable to manipulate
externally with the fingers, as the substance may be of such
- a nature that external pressure may break it down and facili-
tate its onward passage. Pins, needles, and other sharp
substances may be removed by moving the probe about, ro-
tating it, and then withdrawing it.
Considerable irritation often ensues after choking, and
when the lining membrane of the cesophagus has been lacer-
ated, a great degree of inflammatory action is sure to follow ;
to subdue both, and act as local sedative, warm bread and milk
and broths should for some days afterwards form the sole
diet of the animal.
GESOPHAGOTOMY.
This operation is sometimes necessary, when the means
‘named in the previous section for relief in choking have
failed. Mr. A. E. Macgillivary, V.S., Banff, records a case
recently, in which cesophagotomy was performed by a medical
gentleman :—“ The animal being properly and conveniently
secured on a table, was put under chloroform, and Dr. J. C.
Hirschfeld operated. After making a pretty large cuticular
incision, and cutting cautiously through the subjacent dermal
muscle, the doctor dissected down between the sterno-maxil-
lary and mastoido-humeral muscles of the left side, and thus
on to the obstructed cesophagus behind the trachea; and
here it may be remarked that this was the more easily accom-
plished, owing to the absence in the dog of the omo or sub-
scapulo-hyoidean muscle, which passes (partly crosswise)
along the outside of the trachea. Having arrived at and laid
bare the obstructed part of the gullet, a pretty free incision
"| ACCIDENTS AND OPERATIONS. 263
was made in the same, and with much difficulty the doctor
extracted two of the coccygeal vertebrae of an ox! One- of
these vertebrae measured about two inches across the trans-
verse processes, and nearly an inch and a half vertically; the
other was a little less in size.
“Dr. Hirschfeld closed up the wound in the cesophagus
with continuous sutures of prepared catgut, and the external
wound with interrupted sutures of horse-hair. The stitching
of the gullet was an extremely difficult job, but was very
‘successfully done. ;
“ The dog was restricted to entirely fluid sustenance for
several days, and the wound kept clean and dressed outside
and inside with a weak solution of carbolic acid.
“A most satisfactory and complete recovery soon ensued,
the animal being apparently not a whit the worse for the
very serious operation.” *
Peuch and Toussaint (whose recént work I have at hand)
have twice performed cesophagotomy on the dog, once witha
successful issue.T
The operation has, so far, been a rare one, but with the
results both in human and veterinary practice, hesitation,
when life rests upon it, should no longer exist.
SORE FEET.
This is often a troublesome complaint with dogs. Those
that travel long distances following carriages, or accompany-
ing sportsmen, are frequently affected. The thick cuticle
covering the sole or pad of the foot becomes worn down, the
deeper-seated structures are in consequence bruised, and the
foot becomes swollen, hot, and painful.
Treatment-—This consists in warm fomentations and
* “ Veterinary Journal,” January, 1878.
+ Peuch et Toussaint : “ Précis de Chirurgie Vétérinaire.”
364 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
poultices—bran, or bran and bread scalded together, are the
best agents in the latter ; énseed is too drawing. Where the
inflammatory action is excessive and the pain extreme, the
surface may be pricked in two or three places, and leeches
applied.
If suppuration takes place, the matter should be evacu-
ated by lancing, and subsequently treated as for abscess.
Aperient medicine is advisable, wth rest. To prevent the
animal tearing off the poultice, a wire muzzle should be worn.
The return to exercise should be gradual, and take place on
soft ground.
OVER-GROWTH OF CLAWS.
The claws occasionally (especially with dogs which have
but little walking exercise) become considerably elongated,
and, curving underneath, sometimes penetrate the pad of the
foot, causing intense pain and inflammation.
Treatment.—This consists in shortening the claw with
sharp-cutting nippers, and poulticing the foot if injured. It
is not advisable to reduce the claws too much at first, but to
repeat the operation in a fortnight’s time. The prevention
of a recurrence of such an abnormal condition, is in allowing
the animal a sufficient amount of liberty and exercise so as
to produce the wear necessary for their proper length and
shape.
REMOVAL OF DEW-CLAW.
The dew-claws or supplementary toes grow above the foot,
on the inside of the leg, and are apparently of but little use.
But as Youatt expresses it: “They are simply illustrations
of the uniformity of structure which prevails in all animals,
so far as is consistent with their destiny. ” Their presence,
however, especially in sporting dogs, is generally considered
ACCIDENTS AND OPERATIONS, i 365
an eyesore, and they are therefore usually removed. For my
part, I never in any of my own dogs interfere with them.
If they are to be removed, it should always be done
when the animal is very young; their excision then being
easily accomplished with a sharp pair of scissors, first dividing
the skin and the dew-claw being drawn to one side‘before it
is detached, in order'that the skin may afterwards cover the
wound.
CROPPING.
Youatt observes, “This is an infliction of too much tor-
ture for the gratification of a nonsensical fancy ; and, after
all, in the opinion of many, and of those too who are fondest
of dogs, the animal looks far better in his natural state than
when we have exercised all our cruel art upon him.”
Blaine, on this subject, wisely 1 remarks, “ Nature gave noth-
ing in vain; some parts being intended for use and some for
beauty. That must, therefore, be a false taste which has
taught us to prefer a curtailed shape to a perfect, without
gaining any convenience by the operation.” :
Fashion however unfortunately, in this as with many other
matters relating to the lower animals, steps in and counte-
nances what is to all intents and purposes an act of wanton
cruelty, and until she is overruled we can only rely on those,
and I trust there are yet among us many such, who prefer
Nature to a piece of silver gained through creating an imper-
fection in her work, to gratify the taste of a whimsical or
Sashionable judge.
It does not appear to have, entered into the minds of these
wiseacres, that one great function of the external ear is the
‘protection of the more delicately arranged internal structure.
Have they ever observed a long-eared dog enter a rabbit-
hole? Does he scramble through the sand with his ears full
cock? A negative answer should suffice.
_ Again, the ears are full of expression. Alarm, excitement,
366 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
joy, watchfulness, are each denoted by their. different at-
titudes ; remove them, and the beauty of the countenance is
lost.
I shall not take up space in this book, which is devoted
to worthier, and I trust more interesting subjects, in describ-
ing the manner and time of operating. If any of my readers
are desirous of obtaining such information, I refer them to
those works wherein it is mentioned.
ROUNDING.
This may be termed cropping in another form, and unless
absolutely necessary, as in the extension of cartilaginous
disease in canker, it is equally :to be condemned with the for-
mer. ‘That it is a prevention of canker is purely imaginary.
‘Such an idea is on a par with cutting off a leg to prevent its
-being broken. True, the part that is removed cannot become
diseased, but what is left can, and is very likely to, after such
unwise measures. And then, as Mayhew has it, “ the
wretched beast is rounded a second time,” and so on until he
-has little or no ear left. The operation in generally performed
with a rounding iron.
TAILING.
This also is a dictate of fashion ; shortening this appen-
dage is not necessarily a cruel operation. It should always.
be performed, when intended, a few days after birth, while the
parts are tender, easily and instantaneously removed and
with but little haemorrhage or subsequent disturbance to the
animal. Drawing the tendons is not requisite except when a
fine or tapering tail is required, and then it decidedly has that
effect. For dividing the tail and then drawing it, a pair of
the ordinary flat-nosed sharp-edged pincers are best adapted,
ACCIDENTS AND OPERATIONS, 367
and avoids the otherwise filthy habit of biting the required
length off.
The operation, however, is not a humane one, and is there-
‘fore unworthy of further notice in these pages.
WORMING.
This absurd and cruel practice is, I am thankful to say,
not frequently, as compared with the past, adopted.
This so-called “ worming ” consists in removing one of the
cords or tendons of the frenum, which when removed and
released from tension is in its movements said to resemble a
dying worm. Ignorant people are thus imposed upon by
pretenders of equal ignorance, and with which barbarity is
mingled.
Two prevalent ideas regarding the operation are that it is
a preventive of rabies and mischievous disposition, both
.of which axe equally absurd and, I need scarcely add, erro-
neous. ;
CASTRATION.
’ Castration is now rarely performed on the dog, except for
certain conditions of the testicles which render their removal
necessary. Emasculated dogs have a great tendency to be-
come obese, idle, and so far as sports are concerned, com-
paratively useless. In all animals, a loss of energy, physical
strength, and acuteness of the senses, generally result from
castration.
It has been argued that animals, particularly dogs, in this
state are more affectionate and faithful—the last result, so far
as nature is concerned, that could be expected to follow such
an operation. Slaves they may be. Disinclination to frater-
368 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
nize with their own species, and more especially those of the
opposite sex, is a natural consequence of emasculation, and
therefore the supposed home affection and faithfulness are but
the result of their unenviable state.
The operation, which should be senormed under chloro-
form, is a simple one. An incision is made through the
scrotum on either side of the median line. The testicle being
protruded, a thread or silk ligature is placed around the —
spermatic cord about an inch above the testicle, and the lat-
ter is then removed a little below the ligature with a scalpel
or sharp scissors. Other methods are adopted, as torsion,
scraping, or the hot iron. An aperient, and warm fomenta-
tions, are generally all that is necessary in the after treat-
ment.
SPAYING.
Spaying, or removal of the ovaries of the bitch, is now
almost unheard of, and I trust the time is not far distant
when it will be discontinued in other animals. The operation
is both inhuman and useless. 1 am thankful to say I have
never seen it performed in canine practice, and will therefore
quote from another authority. Youatt observes:
“Tn performing this operation, an opening is made into the
flank on one side, and the finger introduced ; one of the ovaries
is laid hold of and drawn a little out of the belly, a ligature is
then applied roundit, just above the bifurcation of the womb,
and it is cut through, the end of the ligature being left hang-
ing out of the wound. The other ovary is then felt for and
drawn out, and exciséd and secured by a ligature. The
wound is then sewed up, and a bandage is placed over the
incision. Some farriers do not apply any ligature, but simply
sew up the wound, and in the majority of cases the edges
adhere, and no harm comes of the operation, except that. the
ACCIDENTS. AND OPERATIONS. ; 369
general character of the animal’ is essentially changed. She
accumulates a vast quantity of fat, becomes listléss and idle;
and almost invariably short-lived.
The female dog, therefore, should always bs allowed to
breed. Breeding is a necessary process, and the female pre-
vented from itis sure to be affected with disease sooner or
later ; enormous collections and indurations will form, that
will inevitably terminate in scirrhus or ulceration.” *
VACCI NATION,
Vaccination is very largely adopted for the prevention of
distemper, and, so far as its beneficial effects are concerned,
it might just as well be practised for the same purpose with
regard to other canine diseases. Between distemper and
small- ~pox (variola) there is not the slightest analogy. _How-
ever, the operation is a harmless one, and as the latter disease
does occasionally attack the dog, it may be attended with
good results.
The usual places selected for vaccination are the back of
the neck, the inside of the forearms, and the ears. In the
latter, care should be taken that disease of the cartilage is not
occasioned.
CHLOROFORM.
Little need be said here on the well-known value of chloro-
form in surgical operations on the lower animals. In veteri-
nary practice it is now, I am thankful to say, extensively
used. In the dog it is of especial value ; indeed, an operation
of any consequence on the larger breeds, and those of a savage
* Youatt: “The Dog,” p. 225.
24
. 370 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.
disposition, could not be performed with any degree ‘of com-
fort or safety without the employment of an anesthetic. Of
course, there are circumstances in which its administration
would be attended with risk—as in some diseases of the res-
piratory organs and the heart. I have only witnessed one
fatal result, and that occurred in removing a mammary cancer
from an old and inordinately fat spaniel bitch. She had re-
ceived every preparation, medicinal and otherwise ; the cancer
was removed in a few minutes under chloroform, anid she im-
mediately afterwards ceased to breathe. A Jost-mortem exath-
ination revealed hypertrophy of the heart, with extensive
valvular disease, and thus death was readily accounted for.
On the score of humanity, however, chloroform chiefly
demands our-attention ; and with the knowledge that we are
‘not inflicting pain is gained strength of nerve, confidence in
ourselves, and, probably, a more successful issue to our
patient. ,
When, then, we have such a powerful instrument at hand,
easy of application, and, with care, harmless in its results,
there surely can be no excuse for wanton torture. Indeed, to
‘the right-minded man, the wzavozdad/e infliction of pain must
-ever be a source of regret. Away with the ¢heory that dumb
animals are devoid of imagination, which, it has been ob-
served, adds so much+to the torment of human pangs. ‘They
are not only imaginative, but their imagination is acutely
sensitive, and in the dog and the iranse this is particularly
the case. ;
Rather, therefore, than we should stretch our imagination
with so unreasonable a theory, let us use the means placed
within our reach to allay suffering, and to afford to those
animals which are the firm, faithful friends and companions
‘of man, the best and most humane treatment we are capable
of bestowing. So that, as recently remarked by a noble
member of my profession, ‘we may be a blessing to that
lower portion of God’s creation for which we are so deeply
responsible.” We must ever remember that the most sacred
ACCIDENTS AND OPERATIONS. 37)
duty of the Veterinary Surgeon is to prevent or alleviate
pain and distress in animals ; and we must also recollect that
in addition to their companionship, they possess—
“Many a good
And useful quality, and virtue too—
Attachment never to be weaned or changed
By any change of fortune ; proof alike
Against unkindness, absence, and neglect ;
Fidelity that neither bribe nor threat
Can move or warp; and gratitude for small
And trivial favors, lasting as the life,
And glistening even in the dying eye.”
INDEX.
ABSCESS, 274.
nature of, 274.
descriptions of, 274.
causes of, 274. :
structures especially liable to, 275.
symptoms of, 275.
treatment of, 275.
Abscess (chronic), 276.
animals usually seen in, 276.
character of, 276.
treatment of, 276.
Abscess (internal), 276.
symptoms of, 276.
Acarus of itch disease, 195, 196.
Accidents and operations, 342.
Admi dicine, 10.
Age, indications of the, 45, 46+
Air-passages, internal parasites in the, 33-
pentastomum tznioides, 33.
situation of, 33.
first discovered in the frontal sinuses
ration of
of the horse and dog by Chobart, 33-
experiments with, 33.
nature and character of the parasite,
ag : ‘
mode of invasion, 33-
symptoms produced by the worm, 34-
treatment, 34.
Amaurosis, 178.
nature of, 178.
. causes of, 178.
symptoms of, 579.
treatment of, 179
Anasarca, 305.
Anzmia, 311.
causes of, 311, 312-
Anzmia, symptoms of, 312+
cases of (by D’ Arbor,) 312.
post-mortem examinations, 31%
treatment of, 313, 314.
Ani, prolapsus, 83.
symptoms of, 84.
treatment of, 84.
Ano, fistula in, 84.
causes of, 84.
symptoms of, 84.
treatment of, 85. i
Apoplexy, 259-
predisposing causes, 259.
exciting causes, 259.
symptoms of, 260.
treatment of, 260.
Apoplexy, parturient, 162.
case of, 162.
pathology of, 162.
causes of, 162.
symptoms of, 162.
treatment of, 163.
Appetite, 3.
Ascites (active), 305.
causes of, 305.
pathology of, 306, 307, 308.
Ascites (passive), 308.
dogs commonly seen in, 308.
causes of, 308.
how differing from active, 308.
symptoms, 308, 309, 310-
treatment of, 310.
Asthma (congestive), 35+
character of dog chiefly affected, 35
Asthma, predisposing causes of, 35.
exciting causes of, 35.
374
Asthma, symptoms of, 35.
treatment of, 35.
Asthma (spasmodic), 36.
predisposing causes of, 36.
exciting causes of, 36.
symptoms of, 36.
treatment of, 36.
BALANITIS, 126.
causes of, 126.
symptoms of, 126.
treatment of, 126, 127.
Beer, use of, medicinally, 5.
Biliary calculi, 104.
Bladder, paralysis of the, 124.
causes of, 124.
treatment of, 125.
Bladder, inflammation of the, rro.
Blain, 51.
seasons most frequently seen in, 52.
symptoms of, 52.
treatment of, 52.
Bones, value of, 4.
Bowels, diseases of the, 68.
inflammation of the, 76.
Brain, compression of the, 266.
causes of, 266,
symptoms of, 366.
treatment of, 266.
Brain, concussion of the, 265.
causes of, 265. i
symptoms of, 265.
treatment of, 265.
Brain, inflammation of the membranes of
the, 269.
Breeding, 140.
necessity of properly matting in, 140.
mental impression, the influence of,
on the offspring, 140, 141.
re-conception, 141.
* close relationship, objectionable, 142.
age for breeding, 142.
“number of visits necessary for con-
ception, 142.
symptoms of pregnancy, 142, 143.
period of pregnancy, 144.
Bronchitis (acute), 18.
causes of, 18.
_ symptoms of, 18.
Bronchitis, treatment of, 18, 19.
Bronchitis (chronic), 20.
INDEX,
Bronchitis, symptoms of, 20.
treatment of, 20.
Bronchitis, verminous, 20.
symptoms of, 21
pathology of 23.
eight cases, autopsies of, 23, 29.
Strongylus canis bronchialis, 28.
illustrations of, male and female, 29.
general and specific characters of, 28,
~ 299
' differs from the parasitic bronchitis of
other domestic animals, 30.
origin of the disease, 30.
duration of, 30.
mode of invasion, 30.
age at which it is most prevalent, 31.
reasons of its fatality in youth, 3r.
Bronchocele, 280.
causes of, 280.
symptoms of, 280.
treatment of, 280, 281.
Brushing, 8.
benefits derived from, 8.
Burns and scalds, 358.
treatment of, 359.
CazsaREAN section, 156—161.
Calculi, biliary, 104.
symptoms of, 104. -
treatment of, 104.
Calculi, cystic, 115.
congestion and distension of the blad-
der resulting from, 116—119.
urine, retention of, resulting from, 119
—122.
Calculi, gastric, 67.
treatment of, 67.°
Calculi, renal, ro8.
symptoms of, 109.
treatment of, r10.
Calculi, urethral, 107, 122.
symptoms of, 107, 122.
treatment of, 123.
Cancer (so called), 173.
nature of, 173.
causes of, 173.
symptoms of, 174.
Cancer, treatment of, 174.
Canker of the ear (external), 185.
description of dog affected, 185.
causes of, 185.
Canker of the ear, symptoms of, 18s,
186.
treatment of, ‘186.
Canker (internal), 187.
: causes of, 187.
symptoms of, 187.
treatment of, 187, 188.
ditto, by Coculet, 188, 387.
_ Canker of the mouth, 50.
causes of, 50.
symptoms of, 50.
treatment of, 50.
Castration, 367-
when necessary, 367.
effects of, 367.
ideas concerning, 367. :
methods of, 367,
Cataract, 178.
descriptions of, 178.
causes, 178. ;
symptoms of, 178.
treatment of, 178.
Catarrh, 13.
symptoms of, 13.
treatment of, 14.
Catarrh, gastric, 61.
causes of, 61, 62.
symptoms of, 61."
treatment of, 61, 62.
Chest-founder (see “ Rh
Chest, dropsy of, 37-
Choking, 361.
causes of, 36x.
treatment of, 361.
Chorea, 260.
causes of, 260.
symptoms of, 261.
treatment of, 261, 262.
Chloroform, 369.
value of. 370.
arguments in favor of, 370-
Claws, over-growth of, 364.
c causes of, 364... °
treatment of, 364.
Cold, 34.
Colic, 74. .
causes of, 74.
symptoms of, 74 75-
treatment of, 75-
Colic, liability of puppies to, 760
INDEX.
")y 3 8.
Colic, treatment of, 76.
Combing, 7.
Constipation, 68.
natural tendency to, in the dog 68-
causes of, 68-
symptoms of, 68, 69.
treatment of, 69.
diet in, 69.
daily exercise, necessity of, in, 69.
Consumption, 42.
predisposing causes of, 42.
exciting causes of, 42.
symptoms of, 43.
treatment of, 43.
in relation to breeding, 43,
Cornea, hairy tumors on the, 182.
cases of, 182, 183.
treatment of, 182, 183.
Cramp, 332.
causes of, 332-
symptoms of, 332+
treatment of, 332.
Crooked limbs, 321.
causes of, 321.
Cropping, 365:
why adopted, 365.
why undesirable, 365, 366.
Cystic calculi, 115.
Cystitis (acute), 10.
causes of, 110.
symptoms of r10, 113.
treatment of, 113) 14.
diet in, 1x4.
Cystitis (chronic), 114.
causes of, 114.
symptoms of, 114.
treatment of, 114, 115.
DEAFNESS, 193-
causes of, 193. *
treatment of, 193.
Dentition, 45—48.
Dew-claws, removal of, 364.
how removed, 365.
Diarrheea, 69.
liabilities of puppies to, 69.
causes of, 69, 70-
treatment of, 70.
diet in, 70.
Digestive powers of the dog, 1.
Diphtheria, 281.
375
376
Diphtheria, class of dog affected, 281.
symptoms of, 282, 283, 284.
post-mortem examinations, 283, 284.
preventive measures, 284, 285.
outbreak of, in Tasmania, 285.
transmission from man to dog, 286.
cases of, 286, 289.
post-mortem examinations, 287, 289)
290. °
experimental inoculation, 288.
histological examination, 290, 291.
conclusions drawn from, 291, 292.
Diseases, general, 274.
Dislocations, 351.
usual situations, 351.
predisposing causes, 351.
exciting causes, 352+
symptoms of, 352.
treatment of, 352.
of the shoulder, 352.
of the elbow, 352.
of the knee, 352.
of the hip, 352.
of the petella, 352, 353-
of the hock, 353-
of the toes, 353.
Distemper, 292.
nature of, 293.
class of animal most frequent in, 293.
not a necessary disease, 293.
complications of, 293.
causes of, 293, 294.
incubation period of, 294.
symptoms of, 294, 294.
treatment of, 295, 296, 297.
associated with bronchitis and pneu-
monia, 297.
symptoms of, 297+
treatment of, 297, 298.
necessity of ventilation, 298.
associated with jaundice, 298, 299.
symptoms of, 299- :
treatment of, 299.
associated with diarrhoea, 299.
symptoms of, 299.
associated with diarrhcea, treatment
of, 300.
associated with fits, 300.
treatment of, 300, 301.
Distemper, vesicular eruption in, 301.
INDEX.
Distemper, symptoms of, 301.
what owing to, 302.
treatment of, 302.
associated with chorea and paralysis,
302.
treatment of, 302-
preventive measures for distemper,
303- 3
vaccination, uselessness of in, 303, 304.
Distemper and human typhoid fever, nc
identity between, 304, 305.
Draughts, how to administer, 11.
Dropsy, 305+
usual forms of, 305.
Dysentery, 71-
nature of, 71.
causes of, 71.
symptoms of, 7t.
treatment of, 71.
diet in, 72.
Dyspepsia, 58.
Ear, diseases of the, 18,
Ear, polypus in the, 189.
character of, 189.
causes of, 190.
symptoms of, 190.
ditto (Mercer), 191, 192+
treatment of, 193.
Ear, serous abscess of the, 189.
causes of, 189.
symptoms of, 189.
treatment of, 189.
Ear, scurfy, 194.
causes of, 194+
treatment of, 194.
Eclampsia, parturient, 163.
cases of (Mauri), 163, 1676
ditto (Laffitte), 166, 166.
Eczema, 202.
nature of, 202, 203.
causes of, 203.
treatment of, 203, 204.
Eczema (chronic), 204.
treatment of, 204, 205.
Eczema, mercuriale, 205.
symptoms of, 205.
Enteritis, 76.
tissues involved in, 76.
causes of, 76.
Enteritis, symptoms of, 76.
INDEX.
Enteritis, how distinguished from other
affections, especially colic, 76, 77.
general symptoms of, 77.
terminations of, 77.
how denoted, 77, 78.
treatment of, 78, 79.
diet in, 79.
Entoza, 213—231.
treatment for, 215, 216, 217, 228, 229.
Epilepsy, 257. : 2 :
confounded with rabies, 257.
susceptible periods for, 257.
predisposing causes of, 267.
exciting causes of, 257.
symptoms of, 257, 258.
jated with diste!
treatment of, 258, 259.
Erythema, 205. :
symptoms of, 205.
treatment, 206.
Exercise, 5.
necessity of, 5, 6.
means of taking, 6.
Eye, diseases of the, 176.
extirpation of the, 181.
when necessary, 182.
how performed, 182.
subsequent treatment, 182.
Eye-ball, protrusion of the, 181.
causes of, 181.
treatment of, 181.
Farsz-JoInt, 349-
Fatness, excessive, 315-
Fatty degeneration, liver, 100.
heart, 332. ;
ovaries, 137) 138-
Fatty substances, influence of, as food,
102. *
Feeding, time of, 2.
system of, 2.
health in relation to, 2.
Feet, sore, 363-
causes of, 363.
symptoms of, 363.
treatment of, 364.
Food, 1.
quantity of, 3
Food, kind of, 3, 4.
Fistulain ano, 84.
Flatulency, 59.
> 258.
377
Flatulency, treatment of, 59.
Fleas, 214.
treatment for, 211.
ditto (Gamgee), 212.
protective measures, 212.
Foreign bodies in the stomach, 6.
Founder (chest), 318. :
Fractures, 342. 4
descriptions of, 342, 343.
bones most liable to, 343.
causes of, 343.
treatment of, 343.
of long bones, 343) 344+
of the scapula, 344, 345+
of the pelvis, 346.
of the ribs, 346.
of the cranium, 346, 347+
of the vertebra, 348.
false joint, 349.
treatment of, 349.
re-fracture, 349, 350+
compound fracture, 350+
fracture with luxation, 350.
Gastric calculi, 67.
Gastritis (acute), 63.
terminations of, 63.
causes of, 63.
symptoms of, 63.
post-mortem appearances, 63, 64.
* treatment of, 64, 65.
Gastritis (chronic), 65.
causes of, 65.
symptoms of, 65.
treatment of, 65.
Gastro-enteritis, 79.
causes of, 79.
symptoms of, 79.
treatment of, 79.
Gastro-hysterotomy, 156—161.
General diseases, 274.
General management, 1—12.
Generative organs, diseases of the, 126,
functions of the, 139.
Glanders, 322.
cases of (Fleming), 322, 323, 324+
Glossitis, 51.
causes of, 51.
symptoms of, 51.
treatment of, 51.
Glossy coat, means of obtaining, 8
378
Grooming, 7, 8.
Grooming, benefit derived from, 8.
Hamatouria, 107. -
causes of, 107.
symptoms of, 107, 108.
treatment of, 108.
Haw, enlargement of the, 180+
causes of, 180.
symptoms of, 180.
treatment of, 180. -
Heart, diseases of the, 336.
Heart, fatty degeneration of the, 336.
pathological anatomy, 337-
causes of, 337, 338.
symptoms of, 337.
Heart, valvular disease of the, 338.
symptoms of, 338.
post-mortem appearances of, 338.
treatment of, 338, 339+
INDEX. ‘
IcTeRus, 88.
Indigestion, 58.
Indigestion, causes of, 58.
symptoms of, 58.
treatment of, 59.
diet, 59.
Inflammation of bladder, 110,
bowels, 76.
brain, 269-
bronchial tubes, 18.
claws, 364-
ear, 185.
eye, 176.
feet, 363.
kidney, 106.
larynx, 16.
liver, 86.
lungs, 40. .
mammary gland, r71-
case of, iated with rh
chorea, 338, 339-
Heart, rupture of the, 339, 340.
symptoms of, 340.
post-mortem examination, 340.
cause of, 341.
why remarkable, 341.
Hepatitis (acute), 86-
predispos.ng causes of, 86.
exciting causes of, 86.
symptoms of, 86.
terminations of, 87.
treatment of, 87.
Hepatitis (chronic), 87.
causes of, 87.
symptoms of, 87.
treatment of, 87.
terminations of, 87.
Hernia (umbilical), 360.
causes of, 360.
symptoms of, 360. .
treatment of, 360, 36z.
Husk, 61.
Hydrargyria, 205.
Hydrocephalus, 267.
causes of, 267.
symptoms of, 267.
treatment of, 268.
Hydrophobia (so called), 233.
Hydrothorax, 37, 39
tapping in, 39.
peri ny 79+
pharynx, 53.
pleura, 36.
prepuce, 126.
spleen, 105.
stomach, 63.
tongue, 51.
uterus, I3t
Influenza, 14.
causes of, 14.
symptoms of, 15.
treatment of, 15.
Internal parasites, 213.
Intestines, worms in the, 73.
symptoms of, 74.
Intus-susception, 72.
character of, 72.
intestines involved, 72.
termination of, 72.
cases of, 72.
autopsies, 72.
symptoms of, 73. .
treatment of, 73.
Inversion of the stomach, 65.
Initis, 179.
causes of, 179.
symptoms of, 180,
treatment of, 180.
Itch, 195.
JAuUNDICE, 88.
causes of, 88.
INDEX,
Jaundice, symptoms of, 89.
terminations of, go.
associated with pregnacy, go.
treatment of, go,
diet in, go.
Jaundice, Weber, M., xis paper on Jaun-
dice, 91—97.
Trasbot, ditto, translated by Fleming,
97—98.
KENNEL arrangement, 8, 9, 10.
construction of, 9, 10.
cleansing of, 9.
K J-} (see “ Rh
318.
Kidney, inflammation of the, 106.
Lacreax Tumors, 172-
- Laryngitis, acute, 16.
predisposing causes of, 16.
‘exciting causes of, 16.
symptoms of, 16.
treatment of, 16.
Laryngitis, chronic, 17.
symptoms of, 17.
treatment of, 17.
Larynx, inflammation of the, 16.
Legs, crooked, 321.
causes of, 321,
Leukemia, 311.
nature of, 311.
diseases associated with, 311.
case recorded (Innorenza), 311.
Lice, 212.
how hatched, 212.
treatment for, 212.
Lips, warts on the, 210.
Liver. diseases of the, 86
Liver, fatty degeneration of the, 100.
symptoms of, 100.
treatment of, 100.
post-mortem examination, ror.
Liver, inflammation of the,
Liver and spleen, diseases of the, 86.
cancerous deposit in the, roz.
post-mortem examinations, 103.
Lungs, inflammation of the, 40.
Lumbago (see “‘ Rheumatism ”), 318.
Mamnary gland, diseases of the, 171.
Mammitis (acute). 171.
causes of, r71.
symptoms of, 171.
ism”),
379
Mammitis (acute), treatment of, 171.
Mamniitis (chronic), 172.
causes of, 172.
symptoms of, 172.
Mamumiitis, treatment of, 172.
Management, general, r.
Mange (follicular), 199.
cause of, 199.
symptoms of, 199, 200+
treatment of, 200.
Mange (sarcoptic), 195.
diseases analogous to, 195.
cause of, 195.
symptoms of, 195.
treatment of, 196.
Marasmus, 314.
causes of, 314.
symptoms of, 314.
treatment of, 314.
Measles, 332.
case of, 332.
symptoms of, 333.
Measles, parasitic, 230, 231.
symptoms of, 230, 231+
Medicine, administration of, 10.
methods of, rx.
Melanosis, 279.
Meningitis, 269.
di usually
symptoms of, 269.
treatment of, 269. _
case of (Leblanc), 270.
symptoms of, 270, 271.
post-mortem examination, 271.
case of (Gowing), 271.
symptoms of, 271.
treatment of, 272.
post-mortem examination, 272.
Metritis, 131.
Milk fever, 162.
Mouth, canker of the, so.
diseases of the, 45.
Mouth and Tongue, diseases of the, 45
NEPuRITIS, 106.
causes of, 106.
symptoms of, 106.
treatment of, 107.
Nervous system, diseases of tne, 233.
Neuralgia, 273.
symptoms of, 273.
iated with, 269.
380
Neuralgia, treatment of, 273+
Nose, polypus in the, 43.
Nursing, rr.
good, necess ty of in sickness, rz.
Nursing, in medical treatment, 12.
OBESITY, 315.
causes of, 315.
treatment of, 316.
Obstruction of the bowels, 72.
(Csophagotomy, "362.
how performed, 362.
after treatment, 363.
strum, 139-
time of appearance, 139.
signs of, 139.
treatment during, 140.
Operations, 342.
Ophthalmia, 176.
causes of, 176.
symptoms of, 176.
treatment of, :77.
Ophthalmia, chronic, or constitutional, "77.
symptoms of, 177.
treatment of, 178.
Ovaries, fatty degeneration of the, 137,
138.
Overgrowth of claws, 364.
Ozena, 44.
causes of, 44.
symptoms of, 44.
treatment of, 44.
PaRA.ysis, 263.
causes of, 263.
diseases connected with, 263.
symptoms of, 263.°
treatment of, 263, 264,
of the bladder, 124.
of the tongue, 52.
Parasites (external), 195.
Parasites (internal), 213.
Ascaris marginata, 214, 215, 216.
Bothriocephalus latus, 227.
B. cordatus, 227.
B. dubius, 227.
B. fuscus, 227.
B. reticulatus, 227.
Cysticercus cellulosus, 230, 231) 232.
Cysticercus tenuicollis, 223.
Distoma conjunctum, 214.
Dochmius trig onocephalus, 218.
INDEX.
Parasites, Estrongylus gigas, 218.
Filaria haem atica, 219.
Filaria hepatica, 219.
Filaria, immitis, 217.
Parasites, Filaria trispinulosa, 219
Hematozoon subaltum, 219:
Holostoma alatum, 214.
Maw worms, 228.
Pentastoma temoides, 227;
Spiroptera sanguinolenta, 218.
Strongylus canis bronchialis, 28,
Tzenia coenurus, 220, 221, 222.
Tenia cucumerina, 220.
Tenia echinococcus, 223, 227.
Tenia marginata, 223.
Tenia serrata, 227.
Trichina spiralis, 219-
Tricocephalus depressiusculus, 219
Trichosoma plica, 218,
Parturient apoplexy, 161-6 —
Parturition, 143.
symptoms of approaching labor, 144.
assistance, when needed, 144) 145.
warm bath, value of, r45-
uterine stimulants, 146.
management after parturition, 146.
Parturition, diseases immediately, con-
nected with, 161.
Parturition, unnatural, 146.
means used to deliver in, 146—157.
Penis, warts on the, 127.
causes of, 127.
treatment of, 127.
Peritonitis (acute), 79»
cause of, 79.
symptoms of, 79, 80.
post-mortem appearances, 80.
treatment of, 80, 81.
terminations of, ‘8.
Peritonitis (chronic), 81.
symptoms of, 8r.
chronic, post-mortem appearances, 81.
treatment of, 81.
Pharyngitis, 53.
causes of, 53.
symptoms of, 53.
terminations of, 54. _
treatment of, 54.
Pharyngitis, abscess in, 54.
treatment of, 54.
INDEX,
Pharyngitis stricture in, 54.
Pharyngitis, treatment of stricture in, 54.
Pharynx, inflammation of, 53.
Piles, 82.
nature of, 82.
causes of, 82.
symptoms of, 82.
treatment of, 82.
Pills, how toadminister, rt.
Plethora, 315.
dogs most liable to, atk
associated with fits, 315
symptoms of, 315-
treatment of, 315.
Pleurisy (acute), 36.
predisposing causes of, 36.
exciting causes of, 37.
symptoms of, 37.
terminations of, 37.
post-mortem examination, 37.
treatment of, 38. ;
ventilation, necessity of, in, 38.
Pleurisy (chronic), 39-
symptoms of, 39.
treatment of, 39, 40+
Pleuro-pneumonia, 36.
Pneumonia, 49-
predisposing causes of, 40.
exciting causes of, 4o.
symptoms of, 40, 41.
treatment of, 41+
regenerative process in, 42.
Polypus, aural, 189.
nasal, 43.
” vaginal, 132.
Prolapsus ani, 83.
Puppies, feeding of, 5.
Rasigs, 233.
etymology of, 234.
nature of, 234.
causes of, 234, 235, 236+
incubation, period of, 237, 238, 239-
duration of, 239, 240.
symptoms of (furious), 240—245-
ditto (dumb), 245-
maternal affection in, 245.
post-mortem appearances in, 246—
252.
innocuousness of the milk in, 252,.253,
254
381
Rabies, treatment of, 254, 255.
preventive measure, 255.
Rabies, diagnosis, ignorance in, 255, 256.
Rachitis, 320.
Removal of dew-claws, 364-
Renal calculi, 108.
Respiratory organs, diseases of the, 13.
Retention of urine, 127
Rheumatism (acute), 316.
descriptions of, 316.
causes of, 311+
forms of, 316.
symptoms of, 317, 318.
treatment of, 38, 319.
Rheumatism (chronic), 319.
symptoms of, 319.
treatment of, 319.
Ribs, fracture of, 343.
Rickets, 320.
causes of, 320.
symptoms of, 320, 321.
treatment of, 321, 322-
Ringworm, 206.
vegetable parasite dae to, 206.
causes of, 206.
symptoms of, 206.
incubation, period of, 206.
treatment of, 206, 207-
Ringworm (Honeycomb), 207.
vegetable parasite due to, 207.
causes of, 207.
symptoms of, 208, 209, 210.
treatment of, 209, 210.
Rounding, 366.
when necessary, 366.
how performed, 366.
Rye, ergot of, use in parturition, 146+
SALIVATION, 54+
causes of, 54-
symptoms of, 55.
treatment of, 55, 56, 57«
Sarcoptes canis, 196.
Scalds, 358. :
treatment of, 3 59°
Scapula, fracture of, 344-
Scrofula, 322.
causes of, 322-
symptoms of, 323, 324+
treatment of, 323-
case of (Gowing), 324-
382
Scrofula, post-mortem, 324.
Scrotal irritation, 127.
causes of, 1276
symptoms of, 128. _
treatment of, 128.
Scurfy ears, 194.
Septikemia puerperalis, 167.
causes of, 167.
symptoms of, 168.
post-mortem examination, 168.
treatment of, 168, 169.
Shoulder-joint, dislocation of, 352+
Skin, diseases of the, 195.
Skull, fracture of, 347-
Small-pox, 328.
symptoms of, 328—332.
sanitary measures, 331, 332+
curative measures, 332+
Sore feet, 363.
Spaying, 368.
y and
of, 368,
369- z
methods of, 368.
reasons why not indicated, 368.
results, 368.
Spirits, use of, medicinally, 5.
Spleen, diseases of the, 86.
inflammation of the, 105.
Splenitis, ros.
in connection with other diseases, 105.
symptoms of, 105.
treatment of, 105.
Sprains, 358-
symptoms of, 358.
treatment of, 358.
Stomach, calculi in the, 67.
character of, 67.
treatment of, 67.
diseases of the, 58.
foreign bodies in the, 67.
associated with rabies, 67.
causes of, 67.
Stomach, inflammation of the, 63.
Stomach, inversion of the, 65.
case of, 66.
symptoms of, 66.
autopsy, 66.
Stomach, worms in the, 61.
symptoms of, 61.
species of worm, 61.
INDEX.
Stomach, worms in the treatment of, 61.
Stone in the bladder, 115.
St. Vitus’s dance, 260.
Swelling of the ears, 189.
TAILING, 366.
age when done, 366.
method of, 366.
Tape-worm, 219.
Tapping the chest, 39.
Tartar, on the teeth, 49.
prejudicial to health, 49.
treatment of, 49, 50.
Teeth, decayed, 49.
cause of disease, 49.
associated with feeding, 49
extraction of, 49.
hemorrhage from, 49.
treatment of, 49.
Testicles, enlarged, 128.
symptoms of, 128.
causes of, 128, 129.
treatment of, 129.
Tetanus, 333-
nature of, 333-
causes of, 333-
symptoms of, 333.
cause of death, 333.
post-mortem appearances, 334
treatment of, 334, 335-
diet in, 335.
Ticks, 212.
treatment for, 212.
Tongue, affections of the, 51.
paralysis of the, 52.
causes of, 53.
symptoms of, 53.
treatment of, 53.
worming, 367.
Tumors, 276.
Calcareous, 278.
situations of, 278.
treatment of, 278.
Fatty, 276.
situations of, 276.
character of, 277.
diagnosis, 277.
treatment of, 277.
Fibro-cystic, 277+
situations of, 277, 278
treatment of, 277, 278.
INDEX. 383
Tumors, 276.
Fibrous, 277.
causes of, 277.
situations of, 277.
diagnosis, 277.
treatment, 277, 278.
Tumors—Lacteal, 172.
causes of, 172.
symptoms of, 172.
treatment of, 173.
Melanotic, 279.
symptems of, 279.
post-mortem examination, 279, 28°
Osseous, 279+
situations of, 279.
treatment of, 279, 322.
Rectal, 82.
symptoms of, 82. \
treatment of, 83.
Turnside, 268.
causes of, 268.
symptoms of (Youatt), 268, 269.
post-mortem examinations, 268.
Uucers on the tongue, 51.
causes of, 51.
treatment of, 51.
Umbilical hernia, 360.
Urethra, worm in the, 124.
Urethral calculi, 107, 122. -
Urinary organs, diseases of the, 106
Urine, retention of the, 122.
causes of, 122.
symptoms of, 122, 123.
treatment of, 123.
Séon, M,, records a singular case of, 124.
Uterus, inflammation of the, 131,
causes of, 132.
symptoms of, 132.
treatment of, 132, 133+
Uterus, ixversion of the, 133-
causes of, 133.
symptoms of, 133.
treatment of, 133, 134+
Uterus, wceration of the, 134.
causes of, 134.
symptoms of, 134.
treatment of, 134.
Uterus, hernia of the, 135.
symptoms of, 135.
Uterus, treatment of, 135, 136.
Uterus, dropsy of the, 136.
causes of, 136.
symptoms of, 136.
case of, 136, 137-
VACCINATION, 369-
why adopted, 369,
where performed, 369.
Vagina, inversion of the, 129.
causes of, 129.
symptoms of, 129, 130.
treatment of, 130, 131.
Vagina, polypus in the, 131.
symptoms of, 131.
treatment of, 131.
Variolz caning, 328.
Vertigo, 260.
symptoms of, 260.
causes of, 260.
treatment of, 260.
Vomiting, 60.
susceptibility to, in dogs, 60.
indication of, 60.
character of, 60.
treatment of, 60.
Warts, 210.
situations favorable to growth of . a1¢
character of, 211.
treatment of, 211.
Washing, 7.
frequency of, 7.
method of, 7.
Water, allowance of, 5.
Wine, use of medicinally, 5,
Worming, 367.
what it consists in, 367.
ignorant ideas concerning 367-
Worms in the intestines, 73.
in the stomach, 61.
Wounds, 354.
descriptions of, 354, 355.
‘methods of healing, 355+
treatment of, 355—357-
YELLows, the, 88.
STONEHENGE.
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